Izinkokhelo zesiliva sezindlu zokuphatha izinhlangano

Kungani Izinxenye Zokuchaza Azikwazi Ukubaluleka Kokuthengiswa Kwemithi Ngokujwayelekile

Ukuhlanganisa izinkimika kusebenza ngemithombo yezinkimika, futhi kusenqumeni esikhulu se-industri, le mithombo yizigas. I-Hydrogen yokuhlanganisa i-hydrotreating. I-Nitrogen yokugcina nokubhalisa. I-Oxygen yokufaka izinkimika. I-Syngas yokuproducwa kwe-methanol ne-ammonia. Uluhlu luyadlala. Lezi zinto azingabizwa ngokuthi zingumsebenzi wokusebenzisa amandla njengokusebenzisa i-electricity. Zingabizwa ngokuthi zingabizo lobuchwepheshe obukhethekile, ububi bezindawo zokubeka, nokuthi kuzoba kanjani ukubeka okuphathelene ngokuphelele nesikhathi sokuproducwa nokubaluleka kwesiphumo.

Indawo yokuhlanganisa izinkimika eyayibiza isigas sase-industri njengokuthi yisikhiwo — okuthi kungabizwa ngokuthi yiliphi umkhakha ongaphansi kwezinye izindlela zokuthenga kulesi sigodi — iyadlala igame elibalulekile. I-izindlela zokuthenga isigas esingavunyelwe akahle ayizindlela zokuthenga ngokuthi yiliphi i-cubic meter. Kuyizindlela zokuthenga ukungasebenzi kwe-reactor, isiphumo esingavunyelwe, ukuvutha kwesicatalyst, nokuthenga ukuthatha amandla okubuyisa umsebenzi ozalwe ngokuthi awungeke ukungasebenzi.

Umbono wemithombo yamagasi yasezindaba yasitshilwa kakhulu eminyakeni yalesibili. Abalwazi bamele kuzimela ukuthi baphakamise amagasi, bafule isikhundla sokusebenza kwamandla, nabekhuluma ngokuphepha kwezinhloko zokusebenza kanye nokubuyisela iziphumo zokuvikela umhlaba njengoba izinkambo zezindaba zihlukile kanye nezinkinga zokuvikela umhlaba zizimele kakhulu. Izisombululo esazisombulula eminyakeni yalesibili asizisombulula manje. Abalwazi besithuthi sabachemikhali kufanele baphinde baphindele ngokujabula ngokuthi bavumela noma bawususa amagasi abo.

Isikhundla sokugcina amagasi ngaphandle kwezindaba vs. Ukuthengiselwa Kwabantu

Isikhundla esibuyekezayo esibomvu kanye nesikhundla sokugcina amagasi ngaphandle kwezindaba kanye nokuthengiselwa kwabantu. Lomphumela wobunye ubunye, kanye nokuthi okuhle kuyinto ephendula kumkhondo, indlela yokusebenzisa, kanye namagasi okwenzeka.

Ukugenera kwindawo yenza ukuthi umsebenzisi wendawo abe nenkontrole yokuqondwa kwezindlela zokuproducwa. Akukho mthakathi kwezindlela zokuthumela kwezinye izindawo noma isikhathi sokuthumela. Kumaqhutywa amakhulu — ngokusho kanje, indawo yokwenza amoniya okufuna izintoni eziningi zama-hydrogen ngosuku noma indawo yokuhlanza ethyleni okufuna izinkambo ezingaphezulu zama-oxygen — izindlela zokusebenza ziyasebenza kahle kuzo ukugenera kwindawo. Ikhanda lokubhala liyingaphezulu, kodwa i-ikhanda lokusebenza ngalenyathelo elinye lilingaphezulu, futhi ubunzima bokusebenza buhlanganise kwindawo yena.

Ukuthumela kwezinye izindawo, ngokulinganisa, kuyasebenza kumaqhutywa amancane noma kumaqhutywa okufunekayo kuphela ngamaphethini. Isilika sika-nitrogen esithunywa ngomotoradi, ngokusho kanje, kuyisahluko sokusebenza kwindawo okufuna kuphela igasi lokuvimba ngamaphethini okukhulula. Ikhanda lokubhala lingaphezulu, futhi indawo ayikwazi ukubhala nokudala i-air separation unit okusebenza ngamaphethini aphela ngasinye isikhathi.

Kodwa ukuthengisa kuka-merchant kunezinkinga zayo. Isimo esikhulu sezulu esikhiyela amahighway kungasimela ukuthunywa kwe-gas eliqinile ngeminyaka. Isimo sokuproducwa kwesilayi esiphakeme kwenye indawo kungadlulisela ku-many customers. Futhi emazweni apho isikhundla sokusebenza kwe-gas yasezindaweni sisebenza kakhulu, ukubhekana kwezinkambo zokuthenga kungabiza izindlela zokuthengisa ngemva kokuthengisa ngokukhula kwezinkambo zokuthenga.

Izithuthi zezinkambo eziningi zaseGulf Coast eMeyika zazifunda lokhu ngendlela enkulu ngemva kokuthi isihlanu sesizulu sasihlaba ngeminyaka eyadlule. Ithekhini lezinkambo yayisebenzisa i-liquid nitrogen ethunywa ngemoto yokuqinisa nokupurge. Ngokuthi isihlanu sasihlaba, ukuthunywa kwalisishwa ngeminyaka yonke. Ithekhini lalifuna ukuzwala izinhlangano eziningi futhi lalibhala izimali ezingakiwe kusukela ekuvuleni kwazo — futhi lalibhala izimali eziningi zokuphatha okungatholakali ngokuzwala kwazo. Umsebenzisi wathi wabeka i-unit yokuqinisa i-nitrogen yasekhaya njengokugcina, kodwa izimali zokubuyisela kule ndawo zabalule kakhulu kunalokho ukuba zazibuyiselwe ngokwakhiwa kwakhiwe.

Ukuhambisana Kwesikhathi Sokuphakamisa Kwezinkulungwane Zokusebenza

Akukho zinkulungwane zezinhlangano ezingaphakamileyo zonke, futhi izinkulungwane zokuphakamisa zihlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi kweminye yezinhlangano zokuchema. Ukuvumela isikhathi sokuphakamisa esifanayo siyindlela yokubalwa phakathi kwesikhathi sokusebenza nokuthenga.

Kuzo zonke izinhlangano zokufaka amandla noma ukufaka amandla emkhathini, i-nitrogen e-95-99% yasiphakamisa sibonakala kahle. Isikhathi sokuphakamisa sokuxhumana ne-oxygen sifanele ukuthi asikwazi ukuthi kwenze isikhathi sokuphakamisa noma ukuthi kwenze isikhathi sokuphakamisa kwamanzi okuhleliwe. Ukuphakamisa ku-99.999% kulezi zinhlangano ziyisikhathi sokuphakamisa — kuyenza ukuthenga kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthi kwenze isikhathi sokuphakamisa.

Nokho, kwezinye izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezikhethekile, izimfuneko zobumsulwa ziqinile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nitrogen esezingeni le-semiconductor idinga amazinga omswakama nomoya-mpilo angamaphesenti ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ammonia kudinga i-hydrogen enezinga eliphansi kakhulu lama-sulfur compounds, okwakuyophazamisa i-catalyst. Izindleko zokuhlanza zanda ngendlela emangalisayo njengoba ukuhlanzeka kuqina, ngakho kunesisusa esinamandla sokucacisa kuphela lokho okudingwa inqubo.

Ukucaciswa kokumsulwa kuthinta nokukhethwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. I-pressure swing adsorption (PSA) ingakhiqiza initrogen enobumsulwa obungu-95-99.5% ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zensimbi. Izinhlelo zamakhethini zinikeza amabanga okuhlanzeka afanayo ngezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi kakhulu kodwa zingase zingafinyeleli ekugcineni okuphezulu kwalelo banga. Ukuhlukaniswa komoya nge-cryogenic ukuphela kwendlela yokuhlanzeka kwe-nitrogen ephezulu kakhulu (99.999% nangaphezulu) kanye namavolumu amakhulu lapho umnotho wesikali uqala khona. Ubuchwepheshe bunendawo yabo, futhi usonkontileka oqonda ukuhwebelana angasiza opharetha wesitshalo ukuba agweme ukucacisa kakhulu noma ukucacisa kancane ikhwalithi yegesi.

Ubunjiniyela Bokuthembeka Kwezinhlelo Zamagesi Ezibucayi

Izinhlelo zegesi zezimboni ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali aziyona imishini yokumisa bese uyikhohlwa. Zidinga ukunakwa njalo ukuze zihlale zithembekile, futhi imiphumela yokwehluleka ingaba mibi kakhulu.

Ukuvula kwesikhathi sokuthi isithuthi sasehlabathini sivulelwe kusukela kumkhakha wokuthiwa kwehlabathi, ngokomzekelo, akavulela kuphela leli yunithi — kuyaphinda kuzo zonke izindawo zokuthiwa kwehlabathi. Izindawo ezihlala emuva kwezinye ezingabona ukuthiwa kwehlabathi kufanele zilahle ubude bokuthiwa noma zivulelwe futhi. Ukuvula kabusha umkhakha wokuthiwa kwehlabathi emva kokuvulwa okungasemthethweni kuyizinsuku eziningi ezinokuthi ziyisikhathi esifanayo sokuphindeka kwezinkambo zokuthiwa kwehlabathi nokubuyisa amakhatalisiti. Ukungafiki kwezinhloso zokuthiwa kuyaphinda kuzo kusho kakhulu.

Ukuthenga kwesayensi yokuthenga kwezinto zokusebenza kwezindawo zokuthiwa kwehlabathi kuyadlula ngokuthi kunezinhloso zokuthiwa kwehlabathi ezimbili. Abathengi abaningi kufanele babe nemikhakha emibili yezindlela zokuthiwa kwehlabathi, ngokwesibonelo, izikhathi ezimbili zokuthiwa kwehlabathi ezisekule, isikhathi esisodwa esisekule kunye nomkhakha wokuthiwa kwehlabathi wokuthiwa kwehlabathi, noma izitanki eziningi zokugcina izinto zokuthiwa kwehlabathi ezinabantu abaningi ukuthi zibe nesikhathi eside sokuthiwa kwehlabathi.

Kodwa ukubeka izinto eziphinde kakhulu akukwanele. Ukuguqula phakathi kwezikhundla kufanele kube lula ngokuphelele, futhi abasebenzi kufanele bafundiswe ngamathuba. Isistimu esebenza ngokwesibopho esinokuthi sifunde amaphathi okuziphatha ngokwamanzi ngemihouru emine ukuze isebenze akuyi sistimu esebenza ngokwesibopho — yilokho okungabikho kanye.

Indlela eyodwa yokuphepha kwelokhu kukusiza ngokupredikthi. Amachina amahle, amachina okugcina, namazitha okuhlanza zonke zinezinyathelo ezizwele ngokuphelele. Ukujabula imboni yokuchaza — ukuchaza ukuphakama, ukuchaza amafutha, ukuchaza ukuthi intemperetsha iphakama noma iphule — kungakwazi ukubona izinkinga kabefore kuzoba izinkinga. Isistimu esihle sokugcina amagasi ayisisekelo esebenza ngokwesibopho asizwa ukuthi kuzobadlula njengoba kuzobadlula kodwa kuzobadlula ngokwesibopho. Isiqalekiso sokugcina sisidwe ngamadatha, akasidwe ngamalanga okanye ngokwesibopho ngokwesibopho.

Kusasa kwakugcina ukuzwa kwezindawo eku-Midwest kusukela eminyakeni eyadlulile, umphakathi wokubhala amathuba wabona ukuthi isikhumba sesihlalo sokuhamba kwe-nitrogen sibonisa ubungakanani obuphakeme kwezinkundla zokudlula. Idatha yasemthwakweni yasendleleni yasekhanda, kodwa akukho muntu owabhalisileyo. Umphakathi wabhalisile ukuthi isikhumba sifuneka kubuyiselwa ngokuvamile kusasa. Lapho isikhumba sisivulwe, isikhumba sesinkundla sasibhekise kusenziwe kakhulu futhi sasizobuya. Ukubuyisela kusinetha amadola angu-3000 futhi usuku olungu-1 lwesikhungo esithile esisikhiwe kusasa. Ukufa kwesikhungo kusenza ukuthi kubekwe amadola angu-30 000 kanye nesikhungo esingasikhiwe sokushintsha okungafanele.

Indima Yomsebenzisi Wokubuyisa Amasimu Kukugcina Kwamagasi Ezenkundla

Ukubringa amasimu ezenkundla ekhimi kuyisikhathi esingafana nokukhetha isikhumba esihle noma ukubhala isiphelo sokubuyisa. Kuyisikhathi sokugcina isikhumba samagasi ngokuphelele kwezinye izinhlobo zamagasi nezinhlobo zokusebenza kwekhimi.

Umsebenzisi we-EPC onobudlelwane obupheleleyo nesigaba seengxaki zemithombo yamandla ayazi izihlobo zokuxhanda ezibalulekileyo. Isistimu semithombo yamandla kufuneka ina kumakhiya amandla, amanzi okuchitha, nokuthatha amandla elektriki — konke oku kufa kusistimu yamandla yomthombo. Izindawo zokuxhanda kufuneka zibhekwe ngokuzimisela ukuze isistimu semithombo yamandla asinakwenzela ukuba kubekwe imiphumela engavumelekileyo kusistimu yamandla ngokuvula okanye ngokungafani kwezimo. Izinhlanzeko kufuneka zihlanganiswe nesistimu yokuqondisa yomthombo (DCS) ukuze abasebenzi bakhombise nebahlinzele isiphumo semithombo kusilungu esifanayo saseminye isikhathi.

Umsebenzisi wokuthengisa futhi kufanele akhathaze ukuthi kuzokwakha kakhulu emva kwalokho. Amaphlanga amahemikhali ayisikhi kakhulu ayizokwenzela isivinini esifanayo ngalokho kwezinye zazo zonke izindawo zokusebenza. Amaprojekthi okukhulisa ukusebenza, ukunqamula ukusebenza, nokuguqula izinhlobo zezinto ezithengiselwa zonke ziyathinta isivinini sokugcina igasi. Isistimu yegasi esithakelwe ngaphandle kokukhulisa kuzokwenza ubukhulekile kusasa. Okuthakelwe ngokwesibonelo nasezindaweni ezingafuneki zokusebenza kungakwazi ukuthatha izinto ezihlukene ngaphandle kokuthakela kabusha.

Kunezinkinga zokuthi isistimu yegasi iyathandana kanjani nesiphumo sezinye zokuphatha izinkampani. Amasithili okuhambisa amagasi ekuphuleni, ukublowdown kwemashini yokuxhuma, nokugcina amagasi ekusarteni nekuphuma kuzokufuneka kuzihandleni ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano zokuhamba kwezinye. Umsebenzisi wokuthengisa othanda ukuthi ukuvumela izinkampani kuyisibhakilu kuphela kungakhethi ukuthakela ukuvumela njengokuthakela isistimu, kodwa kuyakwakha izinkinga zokusebenza — nakuzokwakha izinkampani zokuphatha izinkampani.

Ukuthenga Okwengeziwe Kwezinkampani Zegasi

Amasulapho wezinye zokusebenza kwezindawo zokuphatha izinkimba ayisikhundla esikhulu sokubhalisa imali, futhi izidingo ozozwenza ngokwakhiwa kuyizinye zokusebenza ziyabagcina ngeminyaka eminingi. Ukuthanda ukwenza izinto ngendlela engezansi kwezinye zokusebenza — ukukhetha umkhombi owanele, indlela yokugcina engcono, noma umthunywa owenziwe ngomthwalo wokwakhiwa okuphezulu — kuyakwaziwa. Kodwa loku kungakhona ukuthengisa.

Ukuthengisa kwesikhundla sokusebenza kwezinye zokusebenza kufunda ukuthengisa kwakhiwa kodwa akufundi ukuthengisa kokusebenza, ukuthengisa kokuhlelwa, ukuthengisa kokungasebenzi, nokuthengisa kokubeka isimo sokukhula kwezinto ezinconywayo ngokungafanele kwezinye zokusebenza. Isikhundla esithengisa 10% ngaphezu kwezinye zokusebenza kodwa esebenza ngokuphezulu kwe-15% kwezinye zokusebenza futhi isebenza ngokuphela kabili kungathengisa. Kuyisibopho.

Abasebenzi besiye sezindawo zokuphatha izinkimika kufanele bahlale bavumela izinkimbinkimbi zezigas ezisemthwakathini ngokwesibonelo esiphambili kuphela kodwa ngokwesibonelo sesikhathi sokusebenza, ubukhulu bekho lokusebenza ngaphandle kokuziphatha, nokuthi umthwakathi noma umsebenzisi wakhe uyakwazi ukubeka ngokwamandla. Izihloko zezindawo zokuphatha izinkimika ezingafanayo kulezi zokuphatha zizoba nezinkinga eziningi kunamabhroshe yezinkimbinkimbi. Ukusiza kwezindawo zokuphatha ezenzekile kubona kakhulu ngokwesibonelo sokusebenza ngaphandle kokuziphatha kunezinkimbinkimbi zonke.

Kuma zindawo zokuphatha izinkimika apho ubukhulu bekho lokusebenza kwesigas, ubukhulu bekho lokubeka ngokwamandla, nokuhlanganiswa ngezindawo zokuphatha ezenzekile kungabikho ngokwesibonelo esiphambili, i-Greenfir ibeka izinkimbinkimbi ezenzekile ezinokubhekana ne-ISO 9001, ISO 14001, nokanye ne-OHSAS 18001 — nokuvumela ukuthi kubhekane nezinkimbinkimbi zokuhlukanisa izigas eziningi, ukuchitha, nokugcina ngokwesibonelo sokuphatha izinkimika .