Kunya ta LNG da aka samu a wani ƙarfi

Kunya wanda ya zama ba tare da amfani

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) za a samu shi a cikin import terminals a yadda zai kashe -162°C. Wannan shine ƙarfin kula mai yawa—ƙarfin kula wanda ya kashe ayyukan kula mai yawa don samun shi a farko. Amma kamar yadda ake gani, karamin LNG terminals suna kawo jijin LNG ta hanyar ammari da ruwa na kai tsaye ko ruwa na gida, kuma suka sanya wannan kula a cikin al'ada. Ba a manta ba ne kamar yadda ake gani cewa ayyukan su ke yi daga wannan kula ba su da muhimmiya, amma ya kashe kula wanda ya kashe ayyukan kula mai yawa don samun shi a farko.

Littafin lafiya yana nuna bayani mai kyau. Wani LNG terminal wanda ke aiki da kwayoyin kusa da milliyan kusa da tona a cikin shekara ya sa kula wanda ya kashe kusa da tens of megawatts of power generation capacity. Wannan kula ba ya zo baya—kula ta kashe kusa da 8% zuwa 10% na gas na kai tsaye wanda ya kashe ayyukan kula don samun shi a farko. Kamar yadda ake gani, kula wanda ya kashe ayyukan kula mai yawa don samun shi a farko, kuma ya kashe kula wanda ya kashe ayyukan kula mai yawa don samun shi a farko.

Wani abu ne ya sa energy na cold na LNG ta zama ƙarfi

Yadda ake samun yadda ake fuskaci na cryogenic yana da mafi kyau. Fissure na hawa, samun ethylene, fuskaci na cold, kuma fuskaci na data center duk suna bukata refrigeration a yadda daga yadda na fuskaci. Regasification na LNG tana ba da cryogenic sink wanda ke iya amincewa cikin wannan ayyuka ta hanyar direct.

Yadda ake fuskaci tana da mahimmanci. A lokacin da LNG ya zama mai fuskaci daga -162°C zuwa yadda ake fuskaci na gida, zai iya amincewa cikin yadda daga yadda na cascading applications a cikin yadda daga yadda na fuskaci. Yadda mai fuskaci ga wani abu—ta hanyar -100°C ko ƙasa—yana da alaƙa da cryogenic air separation, inda oxygen, nitrogen, kuma argon suka samu a matsayin liquids. Yadda na farko a matsayin -50°C zuwa -80°C zai iya haɗawa organic Rankine cycles don samun power ko amincewa cold storage facilities. Yadda mai fuskaci a matsayin 0°C zai iya amincewa building air conditioning ko industrial process cooling.

Kalubale na fasaha ya ta'allaka ne da daidaita yanayin zafin jiki na tsarin sakewa tare da bukatun zafi na aikace-aikacen gaba. Masu musayar zafi dole ne su jimre da kwararar lokaci biyu, bambancin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci, da kuma yiwuwar daskarewa na danshi ko CO2 daga gefen iska. Waɗannan ba ƙalubale ba ne na injiniya, amma an fahimci su sosai kuma za a iya magance su idan aka tsara su yadda ya dace.

A Ina Ne Yin Warkewa da Farin Ciki Yake Aiki?

Rabuwa da iska ya fito a matsayin aikace-aikacen da ya fi dacewa a kasuwancin dawo da LNG a cikin sanyi. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na zafin jiki suna daidaitawa sosaicryogenic ASUs suna aiki daidai a cikin yanayin zafin jiki inda LNG ke sakin yawancin ƙarfin sanyi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa hadawa da jirgin LNG tare da wani cryogenic ASU zai iya cimma wani overall exergetic yadda ya dace fiye da 90% kudin kuma yadda ake so a cikin wadannan haɗa na gaba daya ya kashe 0.022 kWh ga kilogram na hawayi da aka tsara—a daga abu da ke dauke da kyau don samun ASU na gaba daya.

Saman yanzu suka nuna cewa yana da zama mai kyau ga al’umma. Wani mahaɗin LNG na hawayi na gaba daya na air separation ya faru a wani mahaɗin da ke cikin tsohon aminci na China ta gabashin, kuma yana da kudin samun likwidu na rabi 660 toni ga rabi. gwamnati ya haɗa shi da sistem na LNG na gaba daya da cold box na air separation, kuma yana amfani da hawayi na gaba daya don samun oksijin, naitrojin, da argon ba tare da kafin kudin kuma yadda ake so ba. Kudin kuma yadda ake so don haɗa shi yana cikin wadanda suka yi kudi na rabi, amma kyau na kudin aiki don ASU na gaba daya yana da kyau sosai.

A cikin kuma ƙarfi na gas, gudunmawa ta daga cold recovery ta samu yadda ta yi amincewa a cikin tsarin na kudin kudin. Tsarin Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) suka amfani da fluids na kerewa wanda suka dace, suka iya gyara cold na yawan kudin zuwa kudin. Wani project na gyara ta bayyana cewa ya samu 26 million kWh na kudin a farko na shekara daga energy na cold na LNG kawai. Al'adu na kudin suna taka shi ne a cikin kudin kudin da kuma a cikin kudin na heat source don ORC bottoming cycle, amma a wasu al'adu, waɗannan tsarinen suka iya kawo kudin a lokacin da aka fahimta.

Kuskuren da Ayyukan Zuciya

Wani talkin da amincewa na LNG cold recovery zai bukata in gano al'adu na gaskiya. Ba kowanne terminal ba za a iya amfani da shi ba. Al'adu na kudin suna iya aiki kamar yadda akwai demand na cold wanda ya kashe kafin da ke cikin kudin—tsarinen na air separation ba za su iya kawo kudin ko kawo kudin ba da kudin na LNG sendout. Terminals wanda suka iya aiki da kudin na peaking facilities, wanda suka iya kawo kudin da kudin na regasification wanda suka iya kawo kudin da kudin, suka iya kawo al'adu na kudin na integration.

Wani kuma mahimman teknikal suka cika yadda mafi kyawun sarduna za a iya samun. Kafin wani abu na gida, kamar yadda ruwa ta zama baki a cikin hanyar gida, yana bukatar tsarin amfani da shi da dacewa. Kadanin ƙarfi a cikin tashin sarduna ya zama babbar aiki ga pump na LNG. Kuma tsarin bayanin da aka haɗa su yana zama mai yawa a cikin amfanin terminal—wanda ba abin da masu amfani suka biyo da saukin kari.

Wannan jadu a sama ya nuna ƙananan kariya. Kullum yana ba da kyakkyawan fahimtar hanyar aiki amma ya zama mai yawa a cikin saitin da kuma matsayin gaba daya. Don terminals da suka da sendout profile mai tsayayya kuma mai fahimtar—wanda ke taimaka ga masu amfani na gida na yanki ko masu amfani na utility baseload—yana da alaƙa mai kyau. Don peaking terminals, ba amsa ba.

Wani Kasuwa na Gudanar da Tattaunawa

Wani project a Southeast Asia yana nuna both the promise and the pitfalls. Wannan terminal ya kashe a cikin wani lokaci da sendout mai tsayayya ta hanyar 30 million standard cubic feet per day, yana taimaka ga masu amfani na gida na yanki. Masu amfani na project sun yi amfani da mahaɗin cold recovery pathways kuma sun dace da biyu na yadda: deep cold zuwa ASU na gaba don production na liquid oxygen kuma nitrogen, kuma intermediate cold zuwa district cooling system don taimakawa ga masu amfani na gida na yanki.

Haɗin ASU ya yi aiki kamar yadda aka tsara, yana samar da samfuran ruwa tare da ƙayyadaddun tsabtace masana'antu. Amma, akwai wasu matsaloli a sashen sanyaya na gari. Tsarin zafin jiki na LNG na sakewa bai dace da nauyin sanyaya ba kamar yadda aka tsara a farkon samfurin. Aikin ya buƙaci ƙarin ajiyar buffer da kuma na biyu na refrigerant loop don daidaita rashin daidaito. Darasin ya kasance mai sauƙi: dawo da sanyi yana da kyau a kan zane-zane na ma'auni na zafi, amma shaidan yana cikin daidaitawar samarwa da buƙata.

Inda Masana'antar Ta Nufa

Babbar hali na sarrafa ya canza don kara yadda ake so cold recovery. Mekanisamun da suka fiye da karbon kuma amarayen da suka fiye da kariya na kariya suna saita cold recovery da waste heat domin kariya ta hanyar taimaka wajen samun ala'ada. International Energy Agency ta nuna rolin da kariya na kariya ta yi a cikin LNG value chain don kara kariya ta kariya na kariya. Cold recovery ba ta karye CO₂ emissions a cikin combustion stack ba, amma ta karye kariya na kariya da za ta zo daga grid—kuma a cikin kariya na kariya, kariya na grid ba tare da fossil-fuel ba.

Masu fasaha na abubuwa suna amsa da abubuwan da suka fiye da standard. Abubuwan da suka fiye da skid-mounted cold recovery da suka fiye da heat exchanger trains da suka fiye da control systems suna cire a cikin kariya, kuma yana karye kariya na engineering wajen masu amfani na terminal. Teknoliji ta canza daga solushinun da suka fiye da custom-engineered zuwa solushinun da suka fiye da modular, da suka fiye da repeatable designs.

Wani abu da ke bukata a gani shi shine tsarin kuma cold recovery da carbon capture. Wani daga cikin bayanai na zamanin da suka haɗa LNG cold energy utilization da Allam cycle—a oxy-fuel combustion process wanda ta saba da pure CO₂ stream wanda zai iya a sequestration . Yadda cold daga LNG regasification zai iya taimaka a air separation don oxygen production kuma zai iya taimaka a CO₂ liquefaction don transport. Synergies suna da haqiqi, amma tsarinen su ne mafi kyawun kuma mafi yawa a matsayin capital.

Don operators wanda suka neman cold recovery, babban wuri da za su fara shi shine amfani da assessment mai kyau na sendout profile, local energy market, da availability na suitable off-takers don cold. Ba kowanne site zai iya a rarraba. Amma don wadanda suka rarraba, operating cost advantages da environmental benefits suna nuna mahallin da ke cikin shari'a.

Kullum suka gudanar da karamin ƙarfi na cryogenic wanda suka taimaka wajen yadda ake saita wannan hanyar saita. Daga noma na ASME da CE kuma karamin ayyukan duniya ta hanyar karamin kontinenti, karamin gyara da karamin tsarin kula da kwalitasu suna ciki don taimaka wajen saita na farko na saita na karamin sarki. karamin inggantarci ya kashe; tambaya shi ne yana da karamin ayyukan da karamin hukumar da ke saita domin taimaka wajen saita na karamin sarki.