Ukuthwala Kwemithambo Yokuphakanyisa Ngokwezinye Nokuthwala Ngokusebenzisa I-Membrane

Ukuphulwa Kwesibonelo Ekuphuleni Kwamanzi Angcono

Ukuphula inithrojheni kumanzi angcono kubonakala kakhulu uma kubhekwa emfanini. I-inithrojheni ne-methane zinemidiameter yamandla engaphezu komkhala we-0.2 angstroms, futhi izihlalo zabo zihamba ngeminyaka eyi-10 kuphela ngokwesibonelo sokusha. Lokhu okuphakade kakhulu kokuhlukaniswa kwenza ukuphulwa kubalulekile ngokwesibonelo sokuthekwano, ngaphandle kokuthi ubhekisana nolwazi lomkhakha.

Izinkinga ziyisikhundla. Amasiphektri we-pipeline ayisilungiselela i-nitrogen ku-2-4 mol%, ngakholwa amagasi esihlombe ayinani amanye ayinika i-nitrogen e-15% noma kude kakhulu. Ngisho na-1% yonke ye-nitrogen ephakanyisiweyo kugasi lokuthengiselwa ibonisa ukungabi nesiphumo sokuphakamisa isikhathi sokuphakama nokunciphisa ukuthengiselwa. Kodwa ukukhipha i-nitrogen kakhulu kusisa imisebenzi yokusebenzisa amandla nokunqula izindlela zokusebenza. Ukufumana ubumbano obuhle bungumsebenzi wokubaluleka kakhulu njengoko bungumsebenzi wokuzivikela.

Izinteknoloji ezimbili ziyabuyela emlandweni: ukuvulula ngokwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-membrane separation. Ngisho na-kuhlanganisa abavolunteer abanamandla, kodwa umlando uyisibonelo esingaphansi. Umkhawulo owobuhle uyaphenduka ngokwesifunda sesihlombe, isilinganiso sesikhathi sokusebenza, izinkinga zokuphakama, kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza kwesikhaya. Ukuzwa ukuthi iphi inteknoloji iyasebenza kahle—kanye nokuthi iphi iyahlula kahle—kuyisidingo sokufaka isibonelo sokubaluleka kokufaka imali.

Ukuthi Ukuvulula Ngokwesibhakabhaka Kwenza Kanjani

Ukusebenzisa ukuthi kubizwa ngokukhwehla kwamaphuzu kubonakala kwi-methane (-161.5°C) kunye ne-nitrogen (-195.8°C). Igas eyakhiwe yakhutshwa, ibekhulula, futhi iyakhwehla ngamaturo-ekhuphela ukuze kufikelela emizimini emibi yokukhwehla okunakekela ukukhwehla kwezinye izinto. Ngaphakathi kwesibhakabhaka sokukhwehla, igas elihamba phambili liyaphinda isithunzi esihamba emuva kusenqaba yezindawo zokukhwehla noma kusenqaba yezinto ezikhombisa ukukhwehla. I-methane, njengoba yisiphakeme esikhulu nokubizwa ngokukhwehla okuphakeme, iya kuhlanganiswa ngokwesithunzi esiphansi. I-nitrogen, engakwazi ukukhwehla kahle, iya phambili njengegas.

Lokhu kusebenza kuyabiza amandla—akukho mthetho wokuthi akukho ukuvikela ukuthi kubizwa ngokukhwehla kwezinkambo zokukhwehla. Kodwa kuyasebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinhlangano zokusebenzisa i-nitrogen zokukhwehla kuzo zokusebenza kuzo ziyathola i-methane ngaphezu kwe-98% futhi ziyakwazi ukuthi zilungiselela i-nitrogen ku-2-3 mol% noma ngaphezulu kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano. Lokhu kusebenza kuyakwazi ukuthi kubalekwe kwezinhlangano ezingaphezu kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwe-LNG.

Okukhathalekwa ngokupheleleyo kukhona ukuthi kungakwaziwa ukubambisana. Amasimu ase-NRU ase-cryogenic ayakwabambiswa ne-NGR ase-NGL e-box esibonakalayo esihlwa, abahlanganisa amasimu okuhlanza nokubamba. Lokhu kubuyisa ukuthi kusebenza kakhulu futhi kunciphisa isikhundla sokufakwa ngokulingana nesikhundla sokufakwa sokususa kanye. Kuma-operators abanemithambo yomoya enzima futhi abanamagama amaningi amadliwe, lokhu kubuyisa ukuthi kusebenza kakhulu.

Ukuphulula Ngemembrane: Indlela Ehlukene

Ukuphulula ngemembrane uyaphinda indlela eyahlukene kabusha. Angakwazi ukuhlula umoya ku-temperatures ase-cryogenic, emembranes iyasebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zomoya ezihlukene ziyaphula emembrane ngokuhlanganisa. I-nitrogen iphula ngokusheshayo kunge-methane, ngakho-ke umoya ophula kwenza i-nitrogen kubuyeke kakhulu, ngakho-ke umoya owenziwe ngokuzimela kwenza i-methane kubuyeke kakhulu.

Izinkambo ziyisilinganiso. Akukho ibhokisi yokuchitha, akukho izibhamu zokuvulula kakhulu, akukho izihlalo zesilungisi esikhulu. Izisifundo zesikhumba sizisebenza kusukela kumkhawulelo wokuphakamisa okuncane noma okuphezulu kwezinye izinto, ngokusebenza kwezinhlanzi ezincane futhi nezinhlanzi ezingafana nezinhlanzi zokuchitha. Lokhu kulungiselela ukuthi kubhekwe phansi ukuthenga kwezinhlanzi ezincane kuye kwezinhlanzi ezikhulu futhi ukuthatha isikhathi esincane ukuzoba kuyena.

Kodwa kukhona isidingo. Ukuthintana kwesikhumba kwenitrojheni ngaphezulu kwe-methane kusilinganiso. I-silungisi esihle kakhulu esikhethekileyo sifuna ukuthola iziphakanyiso zezibhalo zokuhlanganisa eziyis-3-5 kuphela, kusho ukuthi kusilinganiso ukuthola ukuthintana okuphelele kwezilungisi. Lokhu kusilinganiso kusenza ukuthi isikhumba asizange kuthintana inithrojheni phansi kwe-3-5 mol%, futhi ukuthwasa kwe-methane kwezinhlanzi zokuphuma kusilinganiso kusenzeka kakhulu. Umolekyuli wokuqondwa we-methane owaphuma ngaphandle kwe-silungisi uyathwasa umthwalo wokuthengiswa futhi ukuthwasa kokuthenga.

Ukulinganisa kwezinkinga zokubeka isikhundla kuyenza ukuthi kubekhona indawo eyodwa yokuthenga. Amembrane ayasebenza ngempilo yabo ekuphakanyiseni kwamandla okukhishwa kwezinye izinyathelo zokusebenza, okunqamuka ngokubeka kabusha amandla okufa noma amandla okugcina. Lezi zinkamuzi zisemthethweni zithenga amandla futhi zidinga ukulungiswa, okusenqamba kahle ukuthi isistimu yamembrane yilungile.

Ukuchaza Ngokwesibonelo: Ukusebenza nokuthenga

Ukuphelelwa kwamathuba okusebenza phakathi kwezizindikimba zibe yindlela efanayo xa kubhekwa ngokwesibonelo ngokwesibonelo.

Izindaba zibonisa isithembiso esikhanyayo. Ukuthwala kwesikhali kuyasebenza kakhulu kumaqondo okhulu, izinkinga zokuhlinzeka okwengeziwe, nokusebenza lapho ukubuyisela kwe-methane kuyisisekelo. Ukuthwala kwe-membrane kusebenza kahle kokuqondisa i-nitrogen kusuka kuma-15 mol% futhi kumaqondo amancane lapho ukuhlinzeka okwanele kuyisisekelo.

Ukubuza kweminyaka ya-2025 emisebenzini yokuhlinzeka kuthiwa ukuthi ukuphakamisa kwemithambo yokuqondisa kuyisikhundla sokusebenza kwezinhlangano ngokwesikhundla sokuhlinzeka kwe-nitrogen ngoba kufanele kwenze izindlela ezinkulu futhi kufanele kwenze ukuhlinzeka okuphelele. Akukho mbono ukuthi izimemo zihlukile—zinesizinda esikhundleni esithile. Kodwa isikhele nasezinkinga zokuhlinzeka kwezinhlangano zokuphakamisa kuzokwenzeka kufanele kubhekwe ngokwesikhundla sokuphakamisa kwemithambo yokuqondisa.

Kodwa Izimemo Ziyafanele

Nakuba ukuphakamisa kwemithambo yokuqondisa kuyabhekwa njengokuthi kuyasebenza kakhulu, ukuhlinzeka ngokusebenzisa izimemo kuyasiza kwezindawo eziphakeme. Isibonelo sokuthi sifanele kule ndawo yisikhundla sokuphakamisa izinhlangano zokusebenza ngokusha. Izinhlangano zokusebenza ngokusha zezindawo zokugcina izinto zokuphakama noma zezindawo zokuphakama zizokwenzela i-methane ezingama-40–60% ne-CO2 ezingama-30–50%, nokuthi izinhlangano zokuphakama zizokwenzela okungafana nge-5%. Izimemo ziyasebenza kakhulu ekususeni i-CO2, futhi izinhlangano zokuphakama zizokwenzela okungafana nge-5% kodwa kufanele kwenze ukuhlinzeka okuphakeme.

Isilungiselelo esinye sikhuluma ngokuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi sokuphakanyisa phambi kokukhula kwezinkambo zokuhlula. Isikhathi sesikhombisa singasusa i-nitrogen enkulu kusuka kwezinkambo eziningi kwe-nitrogen phambi kokufika kwezinkambo zokuhlula, kubeka isibonelo esincane kwezinkambo zokuhlanganisa futhi kungakhetha ukuthinteka kwezinkambo zokuhlula. Izinkambo ezihlanganisa izikhombisa nezinkambo zokuhlula zisizwe kakhulu, noma kunezinhloso ezithile eziyenza ukuthola ukuthola okukhulu kwe-93% ngokuthinteka kwemali ekhulula kwezinkambo zokuhlula kuphela. Ithekhnoloji yaleli zinhloso iyisibonelo sokuthanda ukusebenza ngokwesibonelo esifana nokuthanda ukuthinteka kwezinkambo zokuhlula kakhulu kunokuthinta kwezinkambo zokuhlula kuphela.

Amathuba asekhaya noma amathuba asekhanda ayisikhephe kanye ngezinye izikhathi. Ukuthi izinkambo ziyinkambo ezingcono futhi ukuthi izinkambo ziyinkhulu kancane kungaba yisibonelo sokuthanda ukusebenza uma izindlela zokuthinteka ziyinkhulu futhi abasebenzi bokuthinteka abanamandla abaningi bayingakho. Kodwa nangalokhu, ukuthi u-methane uyathinteka kufanele ukubonwa ngokujabula—ukuthola ukuthola kwe-5-10% kwe-methane kusuka kwezinkambo zokuthinteka kungathinteka ngokushesha ukuthola kwezinkambo zokuthinteka.

Ukuphendula Kwempilo: Ukukhetha Tekhnoloji Ekuhambeni

Umsebenzisi we-gasi emshini ye-Eagle Ford shale wabona le ndlela yokukhetha intekhulojhi. Umphakathi wawuqukethe i-nitrogeni ngokuphakeme kwe-12%, nokuvula kwesikhathi sokuvula ngokuphakeme kwe-80 MMSCFD. I-pipeline ibedinga ukuthi i-nitrogeni ingaphezulu kwe-3% ekugazini esithengayo. Amaphrojekthi aqashiywe amemebreni abanqamuka ukuthi kuzoba nezinkinga zokuthenga okuncane kunye nokufaka okuthe ngokusheshisayo, kodwa ukuchaza kungenzeka kubonisa indlela yokunqamuka.

Isistimu yamemebreni izolwa ngokuphakeme kwe-6% yomphakathi we-methane kusendleleni yokuqondwa. Ngamaphansi amahhala amathuba, lokhu kuyabonakala njengokuthenga okungaphezulu kwe-$2 million ngonyaka. Isistimu yokuqondwa ngokuhlula kwamanzi kunezinkinga zokuthenga okuphakeme kodwa ukubuyela kwamethane kungaphezulu kwe-98%, ukubuyela konke umphakathi we-methane. Isikhathi sokubuyela kwamakhono ekuthengeni kwe-intekhulojhi yokuhlula kwamanzi ayisikumbu sokuthenga okungaphezulu kwe-18 maswidi.

Umsebenzisi wakhetha ukuthulula ngokugcina kwezinye izinkambo. Iplanti yasebenza ngeminyaka miyane, nokuba iyasebenza ngaphezulu kwe-97%, futhi iyathola iziphumo zokubhalwa ngokuphathelene nesikhundla sokubhalwa. Abasalesi bezinkambo zokuthulula ayabakhathalelwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza kwazo—kodwa akakwazi ukuphinda ukuphikisa izinkinga zokukhetha okunempilo okwenza ukuthulula ngokugcina kwezinye izinkambo ukuba yisikhetho esihle kule simo.

Isiphetho Sokukhetha Isikhondlo

Ukukhetha phakathi kokuthulula ngokugcina kwezinye izinkambo kunye nokuthulula ngokusebenzisa izinkambo akuyiyo ukukhetha lokho okuhle kakhulu ngendlela eyodwa. Kuyiyo ukukhetha lokho okuhle kule simo esithile. Ukuba kukhona ukungena kwe-nitrogen okuphakeme, izimvo zokuhle kokuhle kokufanele, nokuthi umthwalo we-methane uyavumelekile, lokho kusiza ukuthulula ngokugcina kwezinye izinkambo. Uma kukhona ukungena kwe-nitrogen okuphansi, izimvo zokuhle kokufanele ezinhle, nokuthi ukuphulwa kwe-methane kungafanele, lokho kusiza ukuthulula ngokusebenzisa izinkambo.

Industriya iyasebenza ngeminyaka eminingi ngokusebenzisa lezi zintechinoloji ezimbili. Ukuthulula kwesikhathi sokukhala kunezindlela zokuthulula okuphakamileyo kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo. Izimemo zinokubiza ukuthulula ngokushesha nokufakwa kwezinhlelo, kodwa zinokubika izinkinga zokugcina i-methane okungabikho ekhaya kwezindlela zokusebenza. Ukuchaza okuphelele kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezindlela zokusebenza, okususwe kuzinzinzilo zokusebenza kanye nezizinto zokubiza, kukhona kuphela indlela eyodwa eyenzekile yokuphatha okuphelele.

Izinkampani ezisuka ku- GreenFir zinabantu abanamandla okwenza lezi zinhlelo ezimbili, ngenxa yezindlela zokuthulula ezenziwe ngokwesibonelo kwe-ASME . Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba kubonisa ukuthi ukukhetha izintechinoloji kungabikho ngokwesibonelo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kodwa ngokwesibonelo kwezindlela zokusebenza.