Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Hydrogen Ezitshalweni Zegesi

Ukugxila kwezokuproducwa kwe-hydrogen nesikhundla segasi

Ukudibanisa izi-electrolyzer (PEM/SOEC) nezingxenye zokuprosesa egasi ukuproducwa kwesibonelo se-hydrogen

Ukugxila kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwe-Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) noma kwe-Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) nezinhlangano zokuprosesa ingakhanywa zokusebenza kwezinkhulu zokusebenza kuzokwenzeka ukuproducwa kwe-hydrogen emaphakathini. Lokhu kubhekisele kulezi zinhlangano kuzokwenzeka ukukhupha izindlela zokuthintela amandla nokuthintela imali—kukhupha ukuthintela ukuthintela nokuthintela ukuthintela kwe-hydrogen kwezinhlangano zokusebenza ezingu-40% zezinhlangano zokusebenza zokwesibili. Izinhlangano zokugxila eziphambili ziyinkimbinkimbi zokubuyisela amandla okusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza, izinhlangano zokuhlanza amanzi okuphepha okuphepha, nokuthintela izinhlangano zokulawula ngokushesha okuthintela ukuthintela kwe-hydrogen nokuthintela kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinkhulu.

Ukujabulisa ukuthi isimo sokungakhanywa kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kuzokwenzeka ukuthi kuthintele kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezinhlangano z......

Ukuvutha Kwemithambo Nokuvutha Kwezindikimba Zokomandela Ukuze Kwenziwe I-Hydrogen-Ready Izinkampani Zokugcina Igazi

Izinkampani zezigazi ezisebenzayo zidinga ukuvutha okuphakathi ukuze kwenziwe ngokuphelele ukuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina i-hydrogen—ngokuphakathi kwezinye izinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, njengoko kubizwa ngokuthi kuyisikhala esincane sesihlangothi, ukuthi kuyadlula ngokushesha kakhulu, nokuthi kuyathinta ukuthi kufana nesikhumba. Amastayili asesteyini (isibonelo: 316L), amaphulathi ase-nikel, namaseyile ayathinta i-hydrogen ayasetyenziswa emaphipheni, emavayilini, nemafalansi, futhi kuzokwenzwa ukuvutha kwemithambo yezindikimba ukuze kubhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina i-hydrogen, njengoko kubizwa ngokuthi kuyisikhala esincane sesihlangothi, ukuthi kuyadlula ngokushesha kakhulu, nokuthi kuyathinta ukuthi kufana nesikhumba. Izindikimba zokomandela kufanele ziqondise amasensha ase-hydrogen asebhekene ngokushesha kakhulu, nezindikimba zokuphatha izinkinga zokuphelele ezingaqondiswe ngokuphelele, okuyinto eyadinga ukuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina i-hydrogen, njengoko kubizwa ngokuthi kuyisikhala esincane sesihlangothi, ukuthi kuyadlula ngokushesha kakhulu, nokuthi kuyathinta ukuthi kufana nesikhumba (4–75% emhlabathini) nokuthi isifuba sivutha ngokushesha kakhulu.

Okuvutha okuphambili kufanele kuchazwe ngokuthi:

• Amaseyile ase-hydrogen asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amagasketi asebhekene nezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, amaseyile asebhek......
• Izinkampani zokuthola ukugcina okuphambili kwezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina, ezinazo izinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina zokuthola ukugcina okuphambili kwezinkinga zokuphelele zokugcina (ngaphezu kwe-1 ppm) ngokusebenzisa ukuthintana kwelaser noma ukusebenzisa isithonjwa sokubeka amaphulathi emakhemikhali
• Ukuguqula kwezinkampani zokuphuma—njengekugcina kokuphuma nokuthintana kokuphuma—ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi ukuphuma kuyasebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkampani zokuphuma zombili (hydrogen-methane) ezihlukene kusukela ku-0–30%
• Amavalvi wezinqambu nezinkampani zokulawula umsindo ozinikezwe ubukhulu bokusebenza nge-hydrogen ngokwesifundo sika-ASME B31.12

Lezi zindlela zisiza ukusebenza ngendlela esafanelekileyo neyakhiwe ngaphandle kokunqamuka kwesiqondiso sokusebenza, futhi akukho konqamuka kwezinqambu zonke okufuneke.

Ukuguqula isiqondiso sokusebenza ngezinkampani zokuphuma ukuthi kwenziwe ukudibanisa i-hydrogen

Ukuguqula izinqambu, amakomphresha, nezinkampani zokubala ukuthi kwenziwe ukuthintana kwezinkampani zokuphuma nezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokuphuma zezinkampani zokup......

Ukufaka izinkampani zokusebenzisa i-hydrogen kwezinkampani zokusebenzisa i-natural gas ziyadinga imithombo yezindlela zokusebenza ngokuphakeme ukuthi i-hydrogen inomkhawulo omncane, inomkhawulo okhulu kokubhukha, futhi inokubangela ukuthi amaphathi ayenziwe ngamathuba ayo ayenziwe ngamathuba. Amaphathi wezinhlanga eziphakeme ukuthi zihlukana ngokwesibonelo se-hydrogen—ikakhulu amaphathi we-carbon steel asezingeni elizayo emva kwezinqumo zokusebenza—ayabuyiswe ngamaphathi we-polyethylene (PE), amaphathi we-composite liners, noma amaphathi we-alloy ezinamandla ekubhukheni kwe-hydrogen. Amasteshini wezinkampani zokusebenza kufuneka zibuyekezwe ngamaphathi we-shaft seals, amalubricants afanayo ne-hydrogen, nokuvutha okungcono kwezinhlanga ukulawula ukuthi i-hydrogen inomkhawulo omncane wokusebenza nokuthi inomkhawulo okhulu wokuthi kushele.

Ukunemba kokulinganisa kwehla kakhulu ngezingxube ze-hydrogen ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani lokushisa nokucindezelwa. Amamitha okugeleza kwe-ultrasonic kanye ne-thermal mass flow alinganiselwe ukwakheka kwegesi okuguquguqukayo anikeza ukulinganisa okuthembekile phakathi kokuxuba kwe-hydrogen okungu-520%. Izinhlelo zokulawula ingcindezi zilungiswa ukuze kugcinwe ukunikezwa kwamandla okuhambisanayo, kuhlawulela ukuqina kwamandla aphansi kwe-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa ukwanda kwejubane lokugeleza okulawulwayo.

Izinhlelo zokuhlola zaseYurophukuhlanganise nesinyathelo seHyWay 27 nokuhlolwa kwenethiwekhi yaseJalimanekuqinisekise ukudluliswa okuphephile, kwesikhathi eside kwe-hydrogen efinyelela kuma-20% kumanethiwekhi akhona. Ukuvuselelwa okunjalo kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwempahla ngama-30-50% wezindleko zengqalasizinda ye-hydrogen yasendaweni, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhambisana namazinga we-ASME B31.12 amapayipi kanye namapayipi e-hydrogen.

Ukuphepha kokusebenza nokwethenjelwa kokushisa ezitshalweni ezihlanganiswe ne-hydrogen

Ukwehlisa Izinga Lokuguquka Kwezinto, Ukuqhuma Nokungazinzi Kwe-Turbine Kuma-turbine Agesi Asebenza Nge-Hydrogen

Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-ignition energy emininini kwe-hydrogen nokukhula kwe-flame speed kuhle kubeka amathuba okuthi isilwane sibuyele emuva—ukukhula kwe-flame ku-ma-fuel supply lines—nokuthi isilwane sishiywe phansi (lean blowoff) ngeminyaka yokuqonda. Lezi zinkinga zihlukanwa ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla ngamandla......

Amadampenersi we-acoustic namafuel injection angqondile ayinika amandla okuthi amathuba ase-thermoacoustic oscillations asibuyele emuva ngokukhula kwe-hydrogen. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zindlela, kusakha ukusebenza kwe-turbine okuphelele nokubaluleka kwezinhlobo zezindawo zokusebenza kwe-hydrogen ezingaphezu kwe-20–100%—kubeka isikhundla sokubaluleka kwe-mechanical nekubeka isikhundla sokubaluleka kwe-efficiency ngaphansi kwe-98% yekhodi yasekhaya.

Ukungena Kwe-hydrogen ku-metal, Ukuthola Ukufuga, Nokulandela Amadirektivu Emisweni Wokugcina I-gas

Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-hydrogen kusenza ukuthi izinto zikwazi ukuzimela kuyisibonelo esikhulu sokuchaza izinto ezingaphansi kwezinhlobo zezigasi ezihlukahlukene: i-hydrogen eyodwa iyaphuma emithambo yezinkulungwane zezincarbo, ibhekisa emicracks encinci eya kubhekisa ngokuphinda kabusha. Izindlela zokugcina kuzimele kufaka ukubuyekeza phakathi kwe-austenitic stainless steels noma amaloyi we-nickel, amacothi wasezinsukwini we-aluminum okwesibhakabhaka, nokuziphatha kokungatholakali kwemithambo—ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kokungatholakali kwemithambo ngokusebenzisa i-ultrasonic testing (PAUT)—okwenziwa ngasinye isikhathi ngeminyaka emibili ngasinye njengokulandela i-NFPA 2.

Ukuthola ukugqibela kufune amathuluzi amahle: izenzekelo zokubhekisa ngolaser ezihambisana zithola ukuguqula kwe-hydrogen ku-1% LFL (Isilinganiso Sembili Sokuphakama Kwezinkokhelo), ngakho-ke imithambo yezinkokhelo (isibonelo, ukugcina kwe-helium ngokuhambisana) ibuyisiza ukuthi isikhombisa indawo yayo kumithambo eyiswe noma ephakathi kwemithambo. Ukuthi umthwalo wokuvikela uhlale ngokulingana nokuthi kwenziwe ngokwesibonelo sika-NFPA 2 (Isibonelo Sezintechinoloji Zoka-Hydrogen) ne-ASME B31.12, okunikeza ukuthi kwenziwe ubuncinane be-pressure kuma-hydrogen, izihlangothi zesikhombisa esinezihlangothi ezimbili kwezinhloso zokuzinga, nokuthi kwenziwe ukuthi izinto zizocindiswa ngabantu abangaphansi kwezinye izifundo ukuthi zilungile kusukela kwezinkinga zoka-hydrogen.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izinqumo eziphakeme zokugxila izisigaba se-PEM noma se-SOEC ngezinhloso zokuprosesa izinkokhelo zini?

Ukugxila kwenza ukuthi i-hydrogen itholenwe endaweni, futhi kunciphisa izindlela zokuthatha amandla nokuthatha izimali. Kwenza futhi ukuthi kutholenwe amandla angaphezulu, kusayishwa izinhloso zokucisha amanzi, nokuthi kwenziwe ukulawulwa ngokushesha kwe-digital, okuchaza ukuthi kusebenza ngendlela efanele.

Kungani ukuthi ukugqibela kwe-hydrogen kuyisibonelo sokuzimela kumithambo yezinkokhelo?

I-hydrogen ye-athomu ingangena ezintweni ezinjengensimbi yekhabhoni, ibangele ukuqhuma okuncane ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Ukubhekana nalokhu kudinga izinto ezikhethekile ezifana nensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic noma i-nickel alloys nokuhlolwa okungabhubhisi njalo.

Ukuphepha kokusebenza kugcinwa kanjani ezitshalweni ezihlanganiswe ne-hydrogen?

Ukuphepha kuqinisekiswa ngezinhlelo zokulawula ezivumelanayo, izinguquko zomlilo, izivimbeli zamalangabi, kanye nama-dampener omsindo anciphisa izingozi ezifana nokubuyela emuva nokunyakaza kwe-thermoacoustic.

Iziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze kulungiswe ingqalasizinda yokuxuba i-hydrogen?

Ukuthuthukiswa kuhlanganisa amapayipi amelana ne-hydrogen, izinhlelo zokucindezela ezakhiwe kabusha, izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezilinganisiwe, nokulungiswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ingcindezi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-hydrogen.

Ingabe izinhlelo zamanje zegesi zingazisebenzisa izingxube ze-hydrogen ngaphandle kokuthi zishintshwe kakhulu?

Yebo, uma kwenziwa izinguquko ezihlosiwe, izinhlelo eziningi ezikhona zingavumela ukuxuba i-hydrogen kuze kufike ku-30%, kugwenywe izindleko zokufakwa esikhundleni ngokuphelele.