Isithombe Sokuhlanzwa Kwamanzi kubizikazi bokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zokuphatha izinkulungwane

Kungani izinkampani zezinkunkuma ezipheleleyo ziyasebenzisa esikhundleni sokusebenza Izithombe zokugqula isiliva

Izindlela zokusebenza ezibhekene nesikhundleni sokusebenza: Izinkinga zokusebenza kakhulu, izinkinga zokuthola oksijini, nitrojini ne-argon epheleleyo

Amathilisi emithi ayadinga izigasi zesikhundla esikhulu okunokuthi kubhekwe ngokuphelele kwezimali zokusebenza. Faka isikhundla esikhulu sokugqibela ngokuvutha njengombuzo, kungakwazi ukuphatha izigasi eziningi kunezintathu amakhulu amashumi amathathu zomkhosi wamandla ngamuhla. Indlela yokusebenzisa umkhosi wamandla wesibonelo sokugqibela iyadinga umkhosi wamandla owenziwe ngokuphelele kune-99.5% ukuze kufanele ukugqibela kwenziwe ngendlela efanele futhi ukuguqula kwakho kwenziwe ngendlela efanele. Kumaqhuba okugcina ngokuphambana, abadinga i-argon enobukhulu obungaphelele kune-99.999% lapho besebenzisa izigasi zomkhosi wamandla ukugcina ngokuphambana. Lokhu kusiza ukungavuthi iziphene zokugqibela zokugqibela kumabhalayi wamithi. Ngokubhekisana nalesi sikhundla esikhulu sokudinga nokubhekisana nezidingo zokubaluleka kakhulu, ukuthi kubuyiselwa konke lokhu kusuka emva kwezindawo kungasebenzi ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kukuthi amasiteki amaningi ayenza ukuthi abe nesikhundla sakhe esikhiyise. izithombe zokugqula isiliva (i-ASUs). Lezi zizindikiso zinika abasebenzisi basebhalo isikhathi esinye umphakathi wokusebenza kakhulu ngokuthi yisiphi isikhathi sokuproducwa kwazo, iphresha yayo, futhi kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sokupureka. Lokhu okukhona kubiza ukuthi baphakamise izinkinga zabo zokusebenza ngokuphelele noma yisiphi isikhathi sokusebenza kusuka kumshini wokusebenza ngosuku ngosuku.

Izindlela Zokuthenga Nezindlela Zokubaluleka Kwemithombo Yezinkampani Yokuqondisa i-ASUs Ngaphezu Kwesiphambano Sesigaba

Izinkampani zokuhlanganisa amagasi ngokuphakanyiswa kwezinkathi zinakho iziphumo eziningi zokugcina ngokupheleleyo xa zihambisana nezinkampani zokuthengisa amagasi kusuka kuma-supplier angaphandle. Uma izinkampani zihlanganisa amagasi emkhakheni, bavula konke lokhu kucost kubonakalayo okuthiwa ngokuthinteka kwamagasi ngokuphakanyiswa, futhi akukho inkinga yokusebenzisa izindawo zokugcina noma ukugcina amagasi ngokupheleleyo. Futhi, sibona ngokwanele, akukho muntu ongathanda ukuthi izisebenzi zakhe zizwele ngokuthinteka kwezindlela zokuthengisa. Izikhulisi ezidinga amatoni angaphezu kwezinkulu zama-2,000 zama-oksijini ngosuku ngasinye ziyafuna ukuthi ukuthenga i-cryogenic ASU kuyabonakala njengokuthengiselwa kakhulu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi lezi zikhulisi zingakwazi ukuthinta ama-40 kuze ku-60% kwezimali zokuthengisa amagasi ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili ngaphandle kokuthengiselwa kwezimali ezingaphezu kwezinkulu. Izingxenye eziphatha kahle zezinhlobo ezintsha zingakwazi ukubuyela amandla ngokusebenzisa izinto njenge-heat recuperation ngokuphakanyiswa, futhi zivula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphezu kwe-15%. Kodwa lokho okubalulekile kakhulu kukuthi kunezimboni zokuthengiselwa zomagasi ozinakho ngaphansi kwezikhulisi zokusebenza. Izikhulisi ezithunywa ngalesi siqondiso zizivula ukuthi kuzwele izikhulisi zokuphakanyiswa kwezinkathi (blast furnace) okungaba yizinkinga ezingaphezu kwezimilioni ngosuku ngasinye uma zisemthwakathini.

Amasevisi Amanye Okusebenzisa Isteeli Yokusebenza Kwe-Air Separation Units

Ukufaka Okhokha Kwamandla Oksijini Kwi-Blast Furnace: Ukuphakamisa Ukusebenza Kwaye Ukunciphisa Ukusebenzisa I-Coke

Iziko elikhulu lanamuhla livame ukuvuthela umoya ocebile nge-oxygen cishe ngamaphesenti angu-25 kuya kwangu-30 we-O2, okwenza kube namandla kakhulu ukuthi i-coke ishiswa kangakanani ngaphakathi. Waba yini umphumela? Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eshisayo kukhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-15 kuya kwangu-25, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, badinga cishe amakhilogremu angu-200 kuya kwangu-300 ngaphansi kwe-coke ngethani ngalinye elikhiqizwayo. Lokhu kusho izindleko eziphansi zokusebenzisa umlilo nokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide encane ngethani ngalinye lensimbi elenziwe. Lapho izinkampani zifaka amasethi azo okuhlukanisa umoya endaweni, ziyakwazi ukulawula kangcono le nqubo yokucebisa umoya-mpilo. Lezi zinhlelo zigcina amalangabi ashisa ngamandla evutha njalo ngaphezu kuka-2200 degrees Celsius ngaphandle kokubangela izinkinga ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwamazinga okushisa. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa kangcono kuholela ekugelezeni kahle kwe-slag nasekuqhekekeni okuncane kwezinto zokumboza iziko. Ochwepheshe bezimboni ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-American Iron and Steel Institute baye baphawula lezi zinzuzo ezincwadini zabo zokuqondisa ukusebenza, bebonisa ukuthi kungani abakhiqizi abaningi bensimbi beshintsha.

I-Base Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Ukuphefumula i-Oxygen: Ukulawulwa Okuqondile Nokuhlanzeka Okungu-99.5%

Inqubo yokwenza insimbi ye-BOF idinga umoya-mpilo omsulwa kakhulu, ngokuvamile ongaphezu kuka-99.5%, ukuze kutholakale imiphumela eqhubekayo nephumelelayo yokususwa kwe-carbon. Amanani amancane okungcola njengenitrogen noma umswakama angabangela ukusabela okunganqunywa kokugqwala okunciphisa isivuno futhi kuthinte kabi ikhwalithi yendawo. Amadivayisi ahlukanisa umoya we-cryogenic ahlinzeka ngalokhu okuhlanzekile okuphezulu komoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ecishe ibe ngu-12 kuya ku-15 bar ngokusebenzisa izihlangu eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile. Lezi zinsimbi zivumela opharetha ukuba balawule indlela yokushaya nokubeka indawo ngokunemba okukhulu. Ukunemba okuthuthukisiwe kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-iron oxidation ngengozi ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-3 kuya kwangu-5 uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo onamazinga aphansi okuhlanzeka. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kukhiqizwa izinsimbi ezihlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zamakhemikhali zokusetshenziswa njengezingxenye zezimoto nezinto zokuphehla amapayipi lapho ukuvumelana kubaluleke kakhulu.

Argon kwezindlela zokufaka ngokuphambuka nokubhala kwesibili: Ukukhankanya izinkulungwane ngokusebenzisa igesi engekhulu kakhulu (99.999%)

Kulokho kwezindlela zokusebenza zokugcina izinkampani nezindlela zokugcina ngokuphambuka, ukuthenga i-argon esihlukile kakhulu (ultra high purity argon) okungaphezu kwe-99.999% akukwenzeki ngaphandle kwalokho. Ukufaka leli khanda kusiliva esihlukile kakhulu (molten steel) kusiza ekususulweni kwemithombo yohydrogen ne-nitrogen engafanele. Ngokushesha, kuyabeka lezi zinto ezingavamile zokubhala (non metallic inclusions) njenge-alumina ne-silicates phezulu, apho kuzokwakhiwa kwi-slag layer. Amanani ayisisekelo futhi. Ukudala amanani amashumi amashumi amashumi ayisigaba (total impurities) angaphezu kwe-10 parts per million ayisisekelo esikhulu. Even tiny amounts of nitrogen can lead to those annoying subsurface blisters in both stainless and electrical grade steels. Izindawo zokusebenza ezibuyekeza ku-argon ozokuthengwa kuma-air separation units zibona izimfundo ezinkulu. Iziphakade eziningi zizibonisa ukuthi zihlula ukuthintwa kwezinto ezingavamile ngaphezu kwe-40% kwezindawo zokugcina zabo zokugcina (finished slabs and billets). Lezi zimfundo ziyahambisana nalesi sifundo sokulinganisa ubukhulu besiqhelo (quality benchmarking study) esayisenzekile yase-International Iron and Steel Institute ngo-2023.

Izinkinga Zokusebenza Kwe-Energy Efficiency ne-System Integration Yezinkulungwane Zokuhlanzwa Kwamanzi Emithambo Yezinkambu

Izikhathi Ezinkulu Zokuphula Kwamandla: Ukuphulwa Kwamandla Kwe-Main Air Compressor Nezindlela Zokubuyela Amadoda

Amayunithi okuhlukanisa umoya, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-ASU, alwa nezinkinga zokusebenza kahle kwamandla lapho ehlanganiswa nezitshalo zensimbi. Ingxenye enkulu yenkinga ilele endleleni lezi zinhlelo ezisebenza ngayo ezingeni eliyisisekelo, lapho izingxenye ezithile zilahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwe-thermodynamic okungalindelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-air compressor eyinhloko idla cishe u-40% wawo wonke ugesi osetshenziswa yi-ASU. Uma sibheka eduze, ingxenye enkulu yaleli gciwane ivela ekucindezelweni, lapho amandla ayigugu elahleka khona njengokushisa. Okwenzeka ngokulandelayo nakho kuwukuchitha imali. Lolu hlelo lukhiqiza ukushisa okuphezulu okuphakathi kuka-150 no-300 degrees Celsius, kodwa izakhiwo eziningi zimane nje zikushiyele emkhathini kunokuba zikusebenzise kahle. Ezinye izinkampani ezihlakaniphile manje zifaka izixazululo zokubuyisela ukushisa njengemijikelezo ye-organic Rankine noma ukukhiqiza umusi ongaphansi kwengcindezi kulokhu kushisa okusele. Lezi zindlela zingakwazi ukuthola cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamandla okushisa alahlekile kulo lonke isitshalo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo kube namandla angaphansi ngo-20%, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu izidingo zamanzi okupholisa. Nokho, ukwenza lezi zinhlelo zisebenze kahle kuseyinselele. Izinhlelo zokulawula zidinga ukuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela ukuze i-ASU ikwazi ukulungisa umkhiqizo wayo ngokuvumelana nezidingo eziguqukayo zenqubo yokwenza insimbi. Ikakhulukazi phakathi nalezo zikhathi ezinzima lapho iziko eliphakeme lishintsha khona ama-cannons noma ama-roller, ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane kwengcindezi kungaphazamisa yonke imijikelezo yokukhiqiza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani izinsimbi zidinga amagesi ahlanzeke kakhulu?

Izinsimbi zensimbi zidinga amagesi ahlanzeke kakhulu ukuze kulawulwe kahle izinga lokukhiqiza. I-oxygen, i-nitrogen ne-argon ehlanzekile iqinisekisa ukushiswa okuhle, ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kwe-slag, futhi kuvimbele amaphutha e-oxidation kuma-slabs wensimbi.

Iziphi izinzuzo ama-ASU we-cryogenic azinikeza ngaphezu kokulethwa kwegesi ngobuningi?

Ama-ASU asebenza nge-cryogenic anikeza ukuthembeka nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Izakhiwo zigcina izindleko zokuhamba nokugcina izinto, kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kokuphakelwa. Ama-ASU abuye ahlinzeke ngokonga amandla kanye namagesi ahlanzekile aphezulu.

I-argon iyithuthukisa kanjani imisebenzi yokusakaza eqhubekayo?

I-argon enobumsulwa obuphakeme kakhulu inciphisa ukungcola nokufakwa okungeyona insimbi ensimbi encibilikisiwe, icindezela lokhu kufakwa ungqimba lwe-slag, futhi kusiza ukugcina ikhwalithi yensimbi. Lokhu kunciphisa izinga lokwenqatshwa futhi kuthuthukise ukuvumelana komkhiqizo.

Yiziphi izinselele zokusebenza kahle kwamandla ezibhekene nama-ASU?

Izithombe zokugqula isiliva bafundwa ngamaphroblemi okuhlela imisebenzi yokuqinisa amandla, kusukela kwezinkinga zokugcina amandla kwe-compressor yamanzi, futhi izinkampani zisepheka izinkampani zokubuyisela isikhathi sokugcina amandla ukuze zibuye zihlele imisebenzi yezindawo zokusebenza ngokuphelele.