Izikhumba zokuhlanzwa kwe-gasi elingatholakali

Amazinyezinye Okuphakamisa Izingxenye Zokuthenga

I-Krypton ne-xenon aziphakamiseki ngokujulile. Kodwa emaphakathini amaningi okwezindustria, zingaba nezindlela zokuthenga ezimangalisayo kakhulu ukuthi igold ibe yinto engekho kahle. Umthwalo wokuthi: ziyisikhundla esingasemoyeni. I-Krypton iphakathi kwesiqondiso se-1.1 parts per million esemoyeni. I-Xenon iyisikhundla esingasemoyeni esincane kakhulu ngokuphakathi kwesiqondiso se-0.086 parts per million . Ukubeka lokhu kumlando, ukuprosesa i-million cubic meters yemoyi isinika isiqondiso esingu-1 cubic meter se-krypton futhi isiqondiso esincane kakhulu se-xenon.

Kodwa lezi zingqimba zizingafanele. I-Krypton isebenza ekufakweni kwemithombo yezinkampani zokusebenza ngokulinganayo, isinika umoya ophakathi okungafanele kwezinhlobo eziphakeme zezilayithi, futhi isebenza ekufakweni kwemithombo yezinkampani zokusebenza ngokulinganayo. I-Xenon yisibhakabhaka sokukhanya kwe-ion thrusters kwezinkampani zokuhambisa iziphephethi, isigaba sokusebenza kwe-excimer lasers kwezindustria zokwenza iziphakathi zezikhiya, futhi yisigaba sokubona kwezifundo zokubona izinto ezingabonakali kwezizwe zokubona izinto ezingabonakali kuphela, apho izidingo zokuphakamisa ukuchaza ziyisikhundla esingasemoyeni.

Ukubuyisela lezi zinto ezingaphansi kwezinye kwezilwanyana akukho okunakho—kuyinto ekufanele kube yilokho okunakekelwa ngokwezimali ngoba ivalue yabo iyabonisa ukuthi kukhulu ukuphakama. Kodwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela wena uyindawo eyinkulu yokusebenza kwemithambo yezibonelo yezibonelo ezinamandla kwezinye.

Kungani Ukusebenza Kwemithambo Yezibonelo Ayikwazi Ukwenza Lokhu

Umphumela omkhulu uyindlela yokugcina. Izilwanyana zezinye ziyizinkulu kakhulu nge-nitrogen ne-oxygen, nokuba i-argon yilokhu okuphambili kwezinye ezincane. I-krypton ne-xenon ziyinkulu kakhulu kusukela kwezinye zezilwanyana futhi azikwazi ukubonakala kumithambo yezibonelo yezinye yezilwanyana zezinye. Ziyadlula ngokujikeleza nge-oxygen, zihlukaniswa kwi-liquid oxygen bottoms.

Ukubuyisela kubo, umsebenzi kufanele qalwe ngomthambo wokusebenza we-liquid oxygen othathwa kuma ASU. Le ndawo ina krypton ne-xenon kuzo kwezinhlobo ezinkulu—kodwa ziyinkulu kakhulu, kodwa ziyakwazi ukubonakala. I-extraction cold box emva koko ihlukana izilwanyana zezinye zezilwanyana zezinye njenge-nitrous oxide ne-hydrocarbons ozokubangela izinkinga emuva kwalokho .

Ukuphakanyiswa kwenyathelo yokuqala kufana nezinkinga eziningi. Iziqondiso zokuphakanyiswa ezokuqala zihlukanisa izigas ezincane kusukela kumazibalo okuphakade kuya kumakhombe amancane. Lokhu kucacile kubonakala kunezikhathi zezigas zokuphakanyiswa, kanye ne-oxigeni nesinye isifunda esisindwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, isiqondiso sokuphakanyiswa siphatha ukugcina ukuphakanyiswa .

Ukuchaza kuyisifunda sokuthi izigas zokuphakanyiswa ziyisilinganiso esingaphansi kwezinye. Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-Krypton ne-Xenon kuyisilinganiso esifanayo ne-oxigeni, okusho ukuthi ukuhlukanisa kufuna izinkulungwane eziningi zezinkulungwane zokuphakanyiswa nokuphakanyiswa kwe-reflux. Izikoloni ziyadala, iziphakade zokuphakanyiswa ziyagcinwa ngokujabulisayo, futhi ukulawula kwesitembu kufanele kube lula. Lokhu akukho uphakanyiswa olunamandla.

Isiqondiso sezikoloni esinamandla

Isiqhupha sesikhathi sokubuyisela izigas ezincane esihlelwe ngokuzimisa kunezicumbi zokuhlanza eziningi. Izicumbi zesiphambano sezibuyisela zisebenza ngokusebenzisa uphazimbe oluncane futhi zihlanganisa izinto eziphakeme kakhulu. Umphakathi—umfusi wokhwehla wase-ASU—wefuna kusikumbi sokuqala, apho okhwehla nokuthula kwezinye izigas zihlanzwa phezulu kodwa i-krypton ne-xenon zihlanganisa emzini.

Kusukela kusikumbi sesiphambano, umkhomo wemzini wapha kusikumbi se-krypton/xenon apho izigas ezincane zombili zihlanzwa kusindawo yabo. Lokhu kukhona kungabonakala kahle ngoba i-krypton ne-xenon zinamathuba okuhlanzwa okuhluke, kodwa isivumelwano sokuhlanzwa asiyi senzana. Isikumbi kufanele sisebenze ngokuvamile kakhulu futhi nesikholekile kakhulu ngokulinganisa isikhathi.

Isigaba sesiqhelo siyisikoloni yokuhlanzwa, esususa okugcwele kwe-oksijini nezinye izinkqubo zezindawo zokubhala. Umphathi owaphuma kulesikoloni ungakwazi ukufika emiphilweni engaphezulu kwe-98% yomkhombo wamagasi amahle, okukodwa ngokuvamile ku-91% krypton, 7% xenon, nokubaluleka kwe-oksijini . Kusukela lapha, amagasi akhishwa emazincili ukuzibeka kwezinye izikhungo nokupakiya .

Izinqubo zonke zihamba ngaphakathi kwesikoloni esinemithi yokuqinisa—perlite noma okufanayo—ukuthintela ukuthi kubalekwe umthelela wemvula. Zonke izivali, izimbhobho, nezinhlelo zokujonga kufanele zibe nesifundo sokusebenza kwezinkqubo zokuchitha. Ukudesigna kwemikhono kufanele kubhekise isibonelo sokuchitha kwezinto, ukuguqula kwezinto ezahlukene, nokuthi ukuthi ukuthi kubalekwe umthelela wemvula kungenza ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kungabonakali.

Lapho imali yenzeka ngokuphelele

Akuwona wonke ama-ASU angafanelekela ukubuyiselwa kwegesi engavamile. Umnotho usebenza kuphela ngezinga. Imithombo yezimboni isikisela ukuthi i-ASU eyenza amathani angaphezu kuka-3 000 kuya ku-4 000 ngosuku iyisivinini lapho ukubuyiselwa kwemali kuba mnandi ngokwezomnotho . Ngaphansi kwalokho, izindleko zengqalasizinda zesitimela sokubuyiselwa kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziqhubekayo ngeke ziqondiswe ngenani lomkhiqizo.

Ukucabanga kwabo kulula. Imishini yokubuyisela emuva inegalelo elikhulu ezindlekweni zezimali ze-ASU - amakholomu, ibhokisi elibandayo, izinsimbi, izinhlelo zokulawula ezikhethekile. Iphinde ikhuphule umthwalo wezilokazane ku-ASU eyinhloko, ngoba ukukhishwa kwegesi engavamile kudonsa umoya-mpilo olumanzi obekungaba umkhiqizo, futhi ukubandisa okudingekayo kwezinsika zokuxubha kunezela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphelele.

Kodwa kubani amasipilayi amakhulu ase-ASU asivumela izindawo ezingaphezulu kwezindawo zokusebenza, umfanekiso wokubala uyagqibeka. Iindlela zokuthengisa ezinye ziyadlulwa ngaphezulu kwezindawo ezinkulu zokuprodukha, futhi isikhungo sesigasa esingapheliyo sisebenza njengomkhakha wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesiprojekthi yonke. Abanye abasebenzisi bavuma ukuthi isikhungo sokususa isigasa esingapheliyo siyisigaba esihlukile esikwi-ASU enkulu—futhi eminye imizamo, isikhungo sesigasa esingapheliyo singathuthukisa kakhulu ukubuyela kwesiprojekthi yonke.

Isikhungo esisemhlabeni esingasemthwetweni esinokufunda

Isikhungo esiseNtshonalanga kaAsia sibonisa isibonelo esihle. Isikhungo se-ASU sisebenzisa umbala wezinkulungwane ezi-4 zewair ngusuku, sisenza oxygen ne-nitrogen kumgangatho wokwenza iziliva ne-parki yezichemikhali. Isikhungo sokususa isigasa esingapheliyo sifakwe njengokuthengiswa kwesibili emva kokusebenza kwe-ASU enkulu ngamazinsuku amaningi.

Ukufaka kwakubhekisele kumazinkinga amaningi. Umkhondo wokunika oksijini kwe-train yokubuyisela kufanele akhutshelwe kusendaweni esithile kwi-cold box yase-ASU, okubangela ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ukuphulula ngokuplanekile kanye nokuguqula umkhondo wokugcina okusemthwakathini. I-cold box entsha yavulwa emhlabeni ephambili kwe-structure esihlukile, kodwa ukugxilisa amakhontrolu kanye nokugxilisa iziqu zokuvikela kubhekisele kuzidingo lokuxhumana kahle phakathi kwe-vendor we-train yokubuyisela kanye nezindlu zokusebenza ze-ASU.

I-train yokubuyisela yena yasebenza ngendlela eyodwa yamashumi amathathu: i-pre-concentrator, i-krypton/xenon splitter, kanye ne-final purifier. Isistimu isebenza ngokuphinde-phinde, nokuthi ukuchaza kwezinto ezinokuthi zibe khona kususwa ngokuphinde-phinde ukuze kubonekwe ukuthi izifundo ziyafanana. Abasebenzi baxele ukuthi indlela eyinkulu yokusebenza iyisibonelo sokudibanisa izinto ezinokuthi zibe khona kumkhondo wokunika—uma izisifundo zokususa i-CO₂ kanye ne-N₂O kwe-ASU esikhundleni sangaphambili ayisebenzi ngokuphelele, i-purifier yezindlela zokubuyisela ingalindelwa.

Le-ndawo leyiya kusebenza krypton ne-xenon ngemiphumela yezindawo zokusebenza, nokuthi izinto zokufakwa ziyathengiswa kumakethe wezinye izigasi. Isikhathi sokubuyisela imali yokuqala kwabhekwe njengoba kuyisikhathi sokubuyisela imali esivumelana nokuthi kuyisikhathi sokubuyisela imali sokuthi kuyisikhathi sokubuyisela imali, nakuba umsebenzisi uqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kungase kwenziwa ngendlela efanele uma kusetyenziswa isikhondlo esincane.

Amaphakathi Amanye

Kunezinkinga ezingafuneki kuzwakalwa ngokuphelele. Ukuthi izinto zokufakwa ziyini zingaba yinkimbinkimbi—uma umoya wendawo uyasebenza ngamakhemikhali amaningi noma ezinye izinto ezingafanayo, ukuthi kufuneka kuchazwe kushaya kakhulu. Ukuthi kufuneka kuchazwe kushaya kakhulu akukho 100%; kunezinye izigasi ezingafanayo ezihlukile ezihlukile kuzo zonke izicelo zokuchaza nezicelo zokuhlanganisa.

Izinkinga zokuphatha kwelokuproducwa ziyisibonelo. Amathuba amaningi ayilungisa ukuthi kufuneka kubhekwe phambi kokuphatha okuphezulu kakhulu—umsebenzi wokubona umhlaba omubi, umdla, uyilungisa ukuthi kufuneka kubhekwe izinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-krypton kwi-xenon ngapansi kwe-10⁻¹² mol/mol. Ukufumana leli qondiso lokuphatha kufuneka kwenziwe izindlela eziningi zokuphatha ngapandle kwezindlela zokuphatha zokusebenza, okongena imali nezinkinga.

Kunezinkinga zokufinyelela emarket. Amagasi amancane ayisigameko esihlukanisiweyo; abuyiselwa ngamathuba amahle ayezindawo ezingqondweni zokubuyisela nezinkinga zokuphatha ezinkulu. Isifundo esisephephile amagasi amancane kodwa asinayo isikhundla sokuthengisa yabo emarket singasithola ukuthi sibhala izinto ezisodwa kuhle kakhulu kodwa akasenza imali.

Umgangatho Wokuzimela Kwesayensi

Ukuthintana kwezindaba zokususa izigas eziningi kuyasebenza ngendlela efanele kusukela eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Amakholomu, ukuthembeka kwemithambo, amathuluzi okususwa—lolu kubaluleke kakhulu futhi akabangelwa ngokuphambuka kahle. Okubangelwa yizindlela zokugcina nokuhlela.

Amasistimu okulawula okwamanje ayavumela ukulawula kahle kwezintemphe nezinqanawa ngendlela engaphezulu kweyodwa ngenyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Amasensha amahle ayabika imininingwane yezinhlobo zezinto ngokushesha okuyavumela ukulawula ngokuphambuka kwezinhlobo. Umphumela uyisibonelo sokuvuselela kahle kanye nokuthola isibonelo esihle kwezinhlobo.

Kunezindlela zokwenza izinkampani ezihleli ngendlela yezikidi eziqondile okuyavumela ukuthatha isikhathi esincinci ekusenzeleni kwezindawo kanye nokuhlukanisa ngokufanele ne-ASU yekhaya. Ukuzama kwezinkampani kwezifundiswano kanye nokuzama kwezinkampani phambi kokuthi zifike ekhaya kuyavumela ukubona izinkinga phambi kokuthi zifike ekhaya, okuvumela ukunciphisa isivumelwano kanye nesikhathi sokuthi zilale.

Izimbangela zomnotho ziyaqhubeka zinamandla. Isidingo samagesi akhethekile sikhula emikhakheni eminingiizimboni zamakhompiyutha, ezokuhamba ngezindiza, ezempilo kanye nocwaningo. Ukunikezwa kwamagesi angavamile avela emithonjeni yendabuko kunqunyelwe, okusekela ukubeka amanani. Kubasebenzisi bama-ASU amakhulu, ukwengeza ukubuyiselwa kwegesi engavamile sekuyinto ejwayelekile kakhulu emkhakheni wephrojekthi.

IGreenFir iye yanikeza imishini yokuphisa i-cryogenic yezinhlelo zokusebenza zamagesi angavamile kumaphrojekthi amaningi, enamakhono okukhiqiza ahlangabezana namazinga e-ASME ne-CE kanye nomlando wokuletha kumasheduli afunayo . Ingqalasizinda yobunjiniyela neyokukhiqiza ikhona ukusekela lezi zingqimba ezikhethekile; umbuzo kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi uwukuthi ngabe ubukhulu nezimo zemakethe ziyakuthethelela yini ukutshalwa kwezimali.