Ukukhokha Kwamafutha Emaphandleni Amanzi Amahle

Inkinga Yekhabhonhi Eyangathintana

Igazi elinomthwalo libhekise kakhulu njengomthwalo oshesha kakhulu wemithambo yezinsizakaliso. Futhi ngokusebenzisa isikhathi sokuphuma, lokhu kuyinto ekhona ngempela—kuyabika umbala oyingi we-30% uye ku-50% wemithambo yekhabhonhi ngalunye lwesikhathi sokusebenza kunamathambo engeyona coal noma oil . Kodwa "oshesha" akuyiyo "okushesha." Ngokuphula kwezinkinga zokusebenza kwegazi elinomthwalo kanye nokuthandaza kwe-LNG okuphakathi kwe-59% yezinkinga zokusebenza kwegazi elinomthwalo , imithambo yekhabhonhi eyakhiwe ngokuphula kwezindlela zokuprosesa kwegazi elinomthwalo kanye nokuphuma kuyabika umbala omkhulu.

I-Agensi Yezempilo ZaseNingizimu yasibonisa ukuthi: uma akukho ukusebenzisa kahle kwe-carbon capture, umsindo wamandla we-gas wasezulwini awakwazi ukubhekwa njengomthombo wamandla ongena ngokuphelele emithambo yamandla. Le agensi yasembeza futhi ukuthi amandla ase-LNG angafakwa ngaphezu kwe-60% ngezintechinoloji eziqondile—uma kufakwa inkampani. Lokhu kukhulu "uma," kodwa kuyabeka le mposiso ngokujwayelekile.

Kusuka kwezindawo zokuprosesa umsindo wamandla we-gas, isidingo sokugcina i-carbon sifanayo nesilingo sokugcina i-carbon esikweni lesikhathi samandla noma kwezindawo zokusebenza. I-CO₂ iyisikhiwe kumshini wokunquma, ngokuthi kunezinkambu eziningi okuphela kuzo kusukela kwezindawo zokuhlanza. Ukususa kuyisilingo sokuprosesa umsindo wamandla—isibonelo sikhombisa ukuthi kufanele sibone ukuthi sifuna ukugcina kuleli CO₂ ukuze sifake kwezinye izindawo noma sithumele kumhlaba.

Izintechinoloji Ezisewa Kakhulu

Ukuthintana kwezinkemikali ezenziwa ngamini kuyisifunda esiphambili sokugcina i-CO₂ kumasevisi we-gas yenkabi. Kuyisifunda esisodwa, esiqondwe kahle, futhi sikhuluma ngokuthola ukugcina okuphezulu. Isahluko sesibonelo silungile: isolventi se-amine isithintana nesitreami se-gas kusikoloni yesolventi, isithintana ngokukhetha i-CO₂ ukuze wenze ubunzima obuncane be-bond yezinkemikali. Emva kwalokho isolventi esinomthelelo esihle isula ku-regenerator, apho umoya wokuphakama kuvula ubunzima futhi kuvulela istreami esiphezulu se-CO₂.

Isidingo sikhona kukusebenzisa imisebenzi yomoya. Isigaba sokuregenaratha sikhumbula umoya omkhulu, okwesibonelo kusukela kwe-steam yomoya ophansi kusuka kwe-system yomthombo wendawo. Lokhu kukhumbula umoya kuyisifunda esisodwa sokusebenza kwezinkemikali zesi-amine futhi yisifunda esisodwa sokuthi lokhu kubiza isibopho somoya, okungakhathaleki ngabanye abasebenzisi.

Ukusebenza kwe-membrane kuyaphila ngokukhulu njengendlela eyodwa noma yindlela ekugcinelweni kwamanye amasistimu. Amembrane ayasebenzisa i-polymers ayakwazi ukugcina i-CO₂ ngaphezulu kwe-methane, ukunika ukususa kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi engaphezulu. Amembrane asebenzisa i-hollow fiber aqondiswe ne-amine solvents abonakalwe ukuthi abadala izindlela zokusebenza ngokuphela ngama-30%, nokubeka isikhundla esingaphezulu kuma-50% emincane .

Lokhu ngisho lokungcono kuhle ngalokho. Amasistimu asebenzisa i-amine ayagcina ngokuphelele lapho kufuneka ukugcina kakhulu nokuthola ukuthula okuphelele. Amembrane ayathandwa ukususa kakhulu i-CO₂ lapho ukuthula okuphelele akufuneki kakhulu futhi izindlela zokusebenza zokuthenga kuyizinkinga ezinkulu. Amasistimu ayezinye aqondiswe amabili amasistimu ayadlala kakhulu, ayisebenzisa amembrane ukususa kahle futhi i-amines ukuthula.

Lapho ukugcina i-carbon kuyasebenza kwi-gas plant

Akukho phakathi lokusebenza kwe-gas yomhlaba onke eyisisekelo esihle sokugcina i-carbon. I-ekonomi ziyaphendula kakhulu kumkhakha we-CO₂ wokufaka i-gas, ukutholakala kwezindlela zokugcina noma ukusebenzisa i-CO₂, nokulandela kwezinhlelo zokuguqula noma izinkampani zokuhlonipha.

Amaphakathi okusebenza kwe-gas ekusukweni kwemikhakha yomhlaba ene-CO₂ eningi—ngamanye amaxesha kubili nesithathu noma ngaphezu kwalokho—kunezinkinga ezinamandla kakhulu. I-CO₂ isithathwa ukususa ukuba igas liyasebenza kwi-pipeline; ukugcina kulo kuzoda ukuthabatha i-cost engaphezulu kodwa kungahloniphiwa ngokuthenga i-carbon noma ngamaphelo e-tax. Ngokwesizwe saseMelika, umphakathi we-Energy wabulawa imali enkulu yokugcina i-carbon emaphakathini we-gas yomhlaba, okuyisibonelo sokugcina ngamabhili nesithathu.

Kwizikhuluma zokusebenza kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-CO₂, izindlela zokusebenza ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-inkulungwane yezindlela zokuthintela ngalinye le-tonne ye-CO₂ iyaphezulu ngoba umsindo wekhanda kubhili kakhulu kunazo zonke i-CO₂ ezithintelwe. Lezi zikhuluma kuzodinga ukuthembisa kwezopolitiki noma imali yokuthenga i-carbon credits ukuze kwenzeke ukuthola iziphumo ezinamandla.

Kunezinkinga eziningi ngokuthi kufanele kwenzeke ntoni nge-CO₂ ethintelwe. Ukuphindeka kwemithombo yamanzi yasendulo yisibonelo esihlukile, apho i-CO₂ ithintelwa emathambini athile ukuze kuvuleke ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezilungile. Ukugcina emaqaleni amanzi amahle ayisibonelo esine, kodwa kudinga ukuthi kwenziwe ukuchaza isikhundla ngokucacile kanye nokujabula. Izindlela zokusebenzisa—ukuguqula i-CO₂ ku-ma-chemicals, ama-fuels, noma amathambo okubeka—ziyadlala kakhulu kodwa zingaphansi kakhulu kumfanekiso wokusebenza.

Isiprojekthi esisodwa kakhulu esingakumbi ukubonwa

Iprojekthi elithile kahle emzantsi waseNingizimu Afrika ebonakalisa umzekelo othembekile. Ilayishini liyilayishini yokuchitha igasi yamanzi, okuyinto ekuchitha igasi elibomvu esikweni esisodwa. Iyunithi yokuchitha ikabhonu yadlulwe njengempilo yokubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukuthembeka kwemfundo nekuthembeka kwezimali kokuchitha i-CO₂ kusuka kwegasi lokugcina lwalayishini .

Iprojekthi iyisebenzisa indlela yokuchitha ngokusebenzisa izinkemikhali nge-amine esihlukanisiwe, eyenzelwe ukuthi ibe yimfundo yokuqinisa i-CO₂ engaphansi kwezinhlaka, nokuthi iphakathi kwezinhlobo zokuchitha i-CO₂ esikweni sokugcina lwalayishini ukuqinisa kufaka isiqondiso sekhwashi yamanzi phezulu kwe-absorber ukuze kunciphise amine okukhanya, futhi kubhekwe phakathi kwe-micro-cyclone separation stage ukuhlanganisa isolvent esifakwe ngokungafanele .

I-CO₂ echithiwe kubhekwe phakathi kwezinhlobo zokubeka futhi kubhekwe kabusha esikweni sesigasi samo ukuze kuvuleke igasi ngokuphelele lokhu kwenza isistimu esiphambanayo apho i-CO₂ isebenza ngendlela efanele ngakho kungakhathalisiwe ku-athmosphere. Isikhundla sokugcina ngonyaka sibizwa ngokwesibini ngu-26,500 izintoni, futhi umphumela wokuphindeleka kahle kuboniswa ukuthi kuyabusa ukuproducwa ngokwesibini ngu-10%.

Lokhu kubalulekile akungoba kubalulekile ngokwakho kwezidingo—kunezinkampani zokugcina i-carbon ezingcono ezinye—kepha ngoba kubonisa ukuthi ukugcina kuhlanganiswa nokuphindeleka kahle kwemithombo yomoya ngokwesibonelo lwesikhundla sokuprosesa umoya. Indlela yokusebenza, ukukhetha isolvent, nokuzimisa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphelele kulesi sekhundla, futhi izifundo ezisitholelwe ziyasebenziswa kuma-projekthi amandla.

Izindlela Zokuthengisa Nezinkinga Zokwahlukanisa

Ukuxoxa ngokwanele ngokuthinteka kwemithambo yokugcina ikhoboni kufanele kubonakaliswe izindlela zokuthinteka nezinkinga zokuhlanganisa. Ukuthinteka kwemisebenzi kuyisikhundla esihlukile. Ukuvuselela amine kusetha isitimela esingasenzi imisebenzi yokuvelisa amandla noma ukwenza izinyathelo ezingaphansi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuphuma kwesikhundla noma kongeza ukusebenzisa ukudla.

Ithabuli elihleli kuleli phansi lihlanganisa izinkinga zokwahlukanisa. Izisitemu zesamine zinika iziphumo zokugcina ezikhulu kodwa ngokuthinteka kwe-energi enkulu. Izisitemu zesifunda sibonakalisa ubungakanani kodwa kusukela kuzo akukho ukuthola iziphumo zokugcina ngokujwayelekileyo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izigaba eziningi. Izindlela eziqondene nombili zizama ukuthola okuhle kwezinye zazo kodwa zingasemthethweni kumathuba emakhaya.

Kunezinkinga zokusebenza futhi. Ukuphatha kwesamine ngexesha libuyela ukuthi kufuneka kubuyiselwe nokubuyiselwa. Ukufutha kwe-sifunda nokwanda komnyaka kubeka impilo yalo futhi kufuneka kubuyiselwe ngamahora. Ubuciko bociko lwe-CO₂ lokuthumela nokugcina kufanele kube lula—izilwanyana njengezilwanyana, oksijini, nezilwanyana zesulfur zinokubangela ukuthwasa okungcono noma ukuthinta ukuthumela.

Izimali ziyaphenduka kakhulu ngamafaktor angaphandle. Ukuvalelwa kwe-carbon, izikrithi zemali, nezimvume zokulawula zinokwenza umshayeli owodwa uyasebenza. Ngaphandle kwezinye zezinkampani, kuphela izindawo zokugcina kwe-CO₂ ezikhulu noma ezinezindlela ezinhle zokuthenga izinto zokuthwasa (EOR) zinokubiza ukuthengiswa.

Umbono Wepolisi Nokuthi Kuyakuthola Kanjani

Umbono wepolisi uyashintsha. U-IEA wabonisa ukuthi i-CCUS yintekhnoloji esebenzayo kakhulu ukususa amacarbon ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokugula. Amaphrogramu okufundisa ngokwepolisi ayadlala eminye imithombo yezwe. I-D.O.E. yaseMeyrikha yavumela izibhalo eziningi zokufundisa ukususa amacarbon nokubeka kusebenza. Amaphrogramu amaningi asebenza njengalokho e-Europe, e-Asia, ne-Middle East.

Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa ngokwepolisi akuvunyelwe. Ukufundisa kungasuswa, amathaxi angathwala isiphumo, nokuthi izinkinga zokulawula kungashintshwa. Abadlali baprojekthi kufanele bahlale bahlaziya kahle ukuthi iprojekthi iyasebenza kahle ngokwemtekhnoloji nangokwezimali kodwa futhi ukuthi kuyasebenza kahle ngokwepolisi. Amaprojekthi amaningi ayasebenza ngendlela eyayisiza ukususa amacarbon emva kwalokho, okuyisiza ukuthi amashini asusayo amacarbon ayengeziwe emva kwalokho, ukuzimisa ukuthenga kwezimali kuze kube yilokho okuthi kuyasebenza kahle ngokwepolisi nangokwezimali.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-technology kuyaphila. Amaphakathi amasha ase-solvent ayathembisa ukuthi kuzokhula umsebenzi wokuvuselela. Amaphakathi amasha ase-membrane ayabika ukuthi kuyasebenza kahle kakhulu nokuthi kuyadura ngokuphelele. Izindlela zokugxilwa kwemisebenzi—okusho kuthi ukusebenzisa umthelela wokuvuselela, ukulungiselela isikhombiso sokuvuselela ngokwesimo sesimo sezinye izigas—kungakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenkulu.

Kubaphathi besebenzisa i-natural gas, ukuphendula ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ukuvuselela kwe-carbon akuyiyo indlela eyodwa. Kufuneka kwenziwe ukuchaza okuhle kwezimo zezigas ezihlanganayo, izinkampani zokusebenzisa izinsiza, izinkampani zokuvuselela, izinkampani zokuthuthukisa imithetho, nezimo zemarikheti. Iziprojekthi eziphumelela ziyiziprojekthi ezingaqondi ukuthi ziyasebenza ngokwesimo sesikhundla futhi zinezindlela eziyaziwa ngokuphelele yokufinyelela kwezomnotho.

IGreenFir iyathumela izinkampani zokusebenzisa izigas nezinkampani zokuhlukanisa ozokwenzela ukuvuselela kwe-carbon, ngenxa yezinkampani zokufaka izinto ngokwesifundo sase-ASME ne-CE umbhali wokuthengisa izinkampani zikhona; ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe busekwe. Isidingo esisilinganiselwe kumsebenzi sibizwa ngokuvamile ngokubaluleka kwemisebenzi yomsebenzi nokulandela kwezopolitiki, akakho umthwalo wokuziphatha.