Izitanki zokugcina amagasi esigodi ngokuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi eside

Ukuhlukene Kokugcina Izingxenye Ezinomthwalo

Igaz e-Liquefied natural, i-nitrogen eliqhina, i-oxygen eliqhina—laba abantu abangakugcina kwezinkamasi zokugcina ezinomthwalo. Kumaqanda angaphezulu kwe-150°C, izimbono zihlukana. Amathuba ayakwazi ukungabi nempilo. Ukugcina kuyakwanele. Futhi iprodukti yena iyakwazi ukuvula ngokuphelele. Izinkamasi zokugcina kwekriyojenikhi ziyindlela yokubhekisa kule zinhloko, futhi zidala ngeminyaka eminingi kuze kube yizinkamasi ezinamandla kakhulu zokugcina kwezinsizwa zokusebenza.

Isibalo sikhulu kakhulu. Isilwane esikhethekile sokugcina i-LNG singathatha i-160,000 i-meters esiqondile wesilwane—kuyakhiwa ukuthi kusinikeze isithili esikhethekile ngeminyaka. Kwenye isihlangothi, isilwane sesilwane sesi-50 esiqondile sesi-nitrogen singaservisa isihospital esikhethekile noma isithili sokuproducwa kwelektroniki. Kodwa ngaphandle kokubanzi, izindlela zokusebenza kwesilinganiso nezindlela zokufunda ziyafana.

Izinhlobo Zesilwane: Kusuka Ku-Single Containment Ku-Membrane

Amasilo okugcina amahlanu akhona eminye imiphumela, ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo nasezindaweni zokuphatha kwezinto ezisemthethweni nezindlela zokuthenga .

Amasilo okugcina okwesilinganiso esisodwa yizindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Isilwane esisodwa noma esinezinye izinyathelo zisigcina isilwane sokugcina, futhi uma kusho ukukhula, isilwane sokugcina singabulawa ngokwesilinganiso esingaphandle noma ngokwesilinganiso esingaphandle. Lezi ziyizindlela ezincinci kodwa zidinga indawo enkulu yokugcina.

Amasilo okugcina okwesilinganiso esinezinye yengeka isibhakabhaka esinekwe emuva kwe-tanki eyokuqala. Uma i-tanki yendawo yaphuma, isibhakabhaka sesiphakathi sikhula umsindo futhi sakhela isibhakabhaka sokuvula isifunda. Lokhu kususa inkinga yokwenza isibhakabhaka esikhulu futhi kunciphisa indawo yokusebenzisa izwe.

Amatanki okugcina konke ayisombululo sokuzenzakalela kwezinye zezinhlangano ezinkulu zokugcina i-LNG . Amatanki esiphakathi nesangaphandle ayisakhiwe ukuze akhule umsindo, futhi i-tanki yesangaphandle isakhiwe ukuze akhule isifunda sokuvula. Uma i-tanki yesiphakathi ithwala, i-tanki yesangaphandle iyakhula konke okukhona ngokuphelele. Lezi zitanki ziyathengiswa ngokuphakeme kakhulu kodwa zinika ubukhulu obukhulu bokuphepha futhi zilandelwe ngabantu abanamandla amaningi ukugcina ngokukhulu.

Amatanki okwemembrane asebenzisa i-membrane yestainilesi esithintileyo esihloniphiwe ngokuphephileyo nokubhakabhaka kwesikhalo sokuphephileyo . Okwakwakhiwa kwanamuhla kwezinkampani zokuthutha i-LNG, le ndlela yadlula ku-landa futhi yinika ukugcina okuhle ngokuphakeme kokuphephileyo okungafana nokwamatanki okugcina konke.

Amasethingi Okugcina I-Cryogenic

Izinkumbulo zokugcina izinkumbulo zokugcina kwe-liquid nitrogen azibuyiwa ngaphandle kokuthi kubekwe kakhulu izindlela zokusebenza ezithile. Izindaba eziphambili zivame ukuthi :

• API 625 – Isifundamenteli esiphambili sokudesigna nokubuyisa izinkumbulo zokugcina kwe-LNG, esikhubeka konke kusukela ematerialini kuya ekupheleni kwemithambo

• EN 14620 – Isifundamenteli sase-Europe sokubuyisa izinkumbulo zokugcina kwe-LNG okwenzeka konke

• NFPA 59A – Isifundamenteli sokuvikela isifo sokuphila, esikhubeka konke kusukela kokuqinisa izikhathi zokuphila kuya kuzokwenza ukuthi kungabikho izinkinga

• BS 7777 / EEMUA – Isixazululo sokudesigna izinkumbulo zokugcina okwenzeka kwe-refrigerated

API 625 yisifundamenteli esihlukanisiwe kakhulu emhlabeni wonke iyazisa indawo yokudala, izinto ezisetyenziselwa, izinkinga zokugcina, kanye nezindlela zokuzilungiselela. Ukuphatha ngokwesibonelo sika-API 625 akukho okunakwenzeka kwezinhlelo ezingana—kufakwe kumthwalo wokulinda nokubhalwa kwezinkambo zokuthengisa.

Ukuphuma kwe-Boil-Off: Ukuphula Okungafadwa

Lokhu kukuthi kubonakala kubantu ababiza ku-criogenic storage: isithombe esikwinye kwisitanki sikhona ngaso sonke isikhathi sikhuphuka. Nangokugcina okuhle kakhulu, umoya wokuphuma kusuka emoyeni uya kusuka kusitanki, futhi isilika sesilinga sikhuphuka. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi yi-boil-off gas (BOG), futhi ukumela kulo kuyindima eyinkulu yomsebenzisi.

Isivinini sokubaluleka kwe-boil-off rate yama-tanki okugcina i-LNG kuyizindaba zokusebenza kwezinsuku ziyizigaba zokubaluleka zokusebenza. Amatanki amakhulu okugcina konke akhona amanani amancane—0.05% ku-0.08% ngosuku—ngoba isibalo sesiphansi sokufana nesivinini sokugcina kushaya kusukela kubukhulu. Isitanki sesi-160,000-cubic-meter esikhuphuka ngokulingana ne-0.08% ngosuku sithatha isilika sesi-128 cubic meters yama-LNG ngosuku. Akukho mthwalo omncane—kuyinto eyodwa ukuthi kuyakwenzela ukuthi kubheke izinkulungwane eziningi zemikhaya.

Ngakho-ke kwenzekani ngegesi ebilayo? Ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina, iqoqwa futhi ihlanzwe kabusha noma ithunyelwe ohlelweni lwegesi kaphethiloli wesitshalo. Ezindaweni ezincane, ingase ivuthelwe noma ikhiphe umoya (yize imithetho yezemvelo ivimbela lokhu). Umnotho wokuphathwa kwe-BOG ubalulekile: yonke imitha eyi-cubic ye-LNG ebilayo ingumkhiqizo ongathengiswa.

Ukuvikela: Iqhawe Langempela

Ukusebenza kwethangi lokugcina i-cryogenic kuyama noma kuwele ohlelweni lwayo lokuvikela. Kumathangi e-LNG, ukuvikela ngokuvamile kuqukethe i-perlite enwetshiwe—ingilazi yentaba-mlilo elula epakisha phakathi kwezindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle—noma i-polyurethane foam yamathangi amancane. Ukuvikela i-vacuum cleaner kusetshenziselwa amathangi athile e-nitrogen ewuketshezi kanye ne-oxygen ewuketshezi, lapho isikhala siphezulu khona futhi umehluko wokushisa uphakeme kakhulu.

Ukubeka isinsila yesibonelo esikhulu sesilindileyo sika-LNG singaba nendawo enzima kakhulu. Ingxenye yendlela yokusebenza yokuqinisa—yindlela yokuphuma. Isibonelo siphuma ngemva kwezinsuku, sivumela amaphuzu emuva kwenhlangothi yokuqinisa apho ukhanya kuphuma ngaphandle kwesibonelo. Izinhlelo zezinkambo zokuzimisa zibalulekile nokuthi zisakhiwe ngokwesibonelo futhi zisakhiwe ngokwesibonelo sokufaka isibonelo emuva kokukhupha isilindileyo.

Ingxenye eyasolwa ngokushesha yilokho okubekwa isibonelo emuva kwezinyathelo zokuvula—izihlilo, izinkambo zokujonga, nezinyathelo zokuvula. Lezi zingxenye ezingenakwazi ukubeka isibonelo phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuvula, futhi ukhanya kuphuma ngaphandle. Ukubeka isibonelo okungafanele emuva kwezinyathelo zokuvula kungasiza ukusakaza isilindileyo esikhulu, ukusakaza ukuthi kubheke isilindileyo esikhulu, ukusakaza ukuthi kubheke isilindileyo esikhulu, futhi ukusakaza ukuthi kubheke isilindileyo esikhulu. Izinhlelo zezinkambo zokuzimisa zibalulekile nokuthi zisakhiwe ngokwesibonelo futhi zisakhiwe ngokwesibonelo sokufaka isibonelo emuva kokukhupha isilindileyo.

Ukukhetha Imithi: Indlela Yokuphuma Kwesibonelo

Insimbi yekhabhoni iba buthakathaka emazingeni okushisa acwebezelayo. Lokho kuyinkinga ngoba amathangi amaningi okugcina izinto ezimbonini enziwe ngensimbi yekhabhoni. Isixazululo ukusebenzisa izinto ezigcina ukuqina ku--162°C nangaphansi.

Kumathangi e-LNG, ithangi langaphakathi livame ukwenziwa ngensimbi ye-nickel engu-9% noma i-aluminium alloy. Insimbi ye-nickel engu-9% iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu—igcina ukuqina kwayo kuze kufike ku--196°C futhi ingashiselelwa ngezinqubo ezifanele. Ama-aluminium alloy alula futhi anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokushisa okuphansi kodwa abiza kakhulu futhi adinga amasu akhethekile okushisela.

Ithangi langaphandle, ngokuphambene nalokho, livame ukuba yinsimbi yekhabhoni noma ukhonkolo oqinisiwe. Aliboni amazinga okushisa acwebezelayo ngqo—ukushisa okugcina kufudumele—kodwa kudingeka likwazi ukumelana nokucindezela kwe-hydrostatic kokuqukethwe kwethangi langaphakathi uma kwenzeka kuvuza.

Amaqiniso Okusebenza: Lokho Amabhukwana Angakutsheli Khona

Izitanki zokugcina amasimbi kuzinhliziyo ziyisikhundla, kodwa akukho ukuthi zingathathi inkulumo yamandla. Umphumela wokusebenza okubalulekile ngokwesibonelo kukuphakanyiswa kwesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso—izilinganiso zesilinganiso esikwi-liquid esingakwazi ukuthi kwenzeke ukuphakanyiswa kwesilinganiso sokuphakanyiswa uma akwenzekanga ukulawula. Abasebenzi bahlola izilinganiso zesilinganiso sezitanki ngemiphakathi eyodwa futhi basebenzisa izinkambo zokuhlanganisa noma izipumpa zokubuyela ukuthi zilungisele isilinganiso sesilinganiso.

Isinye sesilinganiso: ukufaka nokususa izitanki zokugcina amasimbi kuzinhliziyo kwenza ukuthi kubhekwe isilinganiso sesilinganiso. Izitanki zangaphakathi zihlukaniswe futhi zihlukaniswe ngokwesilinganiso sesilinganiso, futhi izihlombe zokufaka zidinga ukuthi zilungisele lokhu kubhekwe. I-bellows nezinhlobo zokuhlukanisa ziyisikhundla, kodwa zidinga ukubonwa futhi zingadinga ukubuyiselwa ngokusha. Indawo yokuqala yamasimbi yase-Nitrogen eMidwest yadala lokhu ngendlela engeyona yothando lapho i-bellows yakhulula ngokufaka, kuvulekile amagasi amahlanu futhi yenza ukuthi kubhekwe ngeminyaka emithathu.

Ukuphendula Kwamazinto Okufaka Nokubuyela

Ukubakha isithelo sokugcina amanzi esibhakabhaka akufana nokubakha isithelo sokugcina umoya okhuluma ngokuzenzakalelayo. Iziqu ziyisikhala kakhulu. Izindlela zokubhakha ziyisikhala kakhulu. Futhi izimboni zokuhlola ziyisikhala kakhulu. Isiphathwa sesikhathi esinye kwesithelo sesangaphakathi singasindisa isithelo sokugcina wonke.

Kusuka kubasebenzi, ukukhetha umthwisi wakho uyaphakanyiswa kakhulu. Umthwisi onomlando wokusebenza ngamandla esibhakabhaka awazi izindlela zokubhakha ezithile, izimboni zokuhlola ezingakwazi ukubhakha, futhi ubukhulu bokuhlanza ngokuphelele ngokubhakha. Izikampani zama-GreenFir ozabonakalise umlando wokubhakha izithelo sokugcina amandla esibhakabhaka zinika lokho umlando kuwo wonke isithelo sokugcina—sikwenza ukuthi kungafanele ukuba kubhekwe emhlabeni futhi sinqumise ukuthi isithelo sokugcina siyasebenza njengoba sifundwe ngokwesikhathi sesifunda.