Izisilidi zokuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi eside (LNG)

Ukuguqula ku-LNG Ongamaphakathi

Emuva kweminyaka yeshumi, ukubhala izinyango zokusebenza kwe-LNG kuyoba ukususa indawo enkulu, ukubhala amafunda okukhanyisa, nokuthatha iminyaka miyane nemiyane kumsebenzi wesikhaya. Namhlanje, umunye wendawo yokuqondisa iyasebenza ngendlela eyodwa. Izinyango zokusebenza kwe-LNG ezithunywa ngemoto—lapho izinyango zokusebenza zonke zokufaka kwe-LNG zibhaliwe ephandleni, zithunywa kwindawo, futhi zibhalwa ngemoto—zihamba kusukela ekuthunyweni kwezinye izinyango kusukela kuzokwakha kwezinye izinyango.

Umshayeli akhulisi kakhulu. Iziprojekthi zesithili sokubuyisa i-LNG zasemthwakweni zizokhula kwezindlela eziningi, zizokhula kwezintandokazi, futhi zizokhula kwezinkambo zomsebenzi. Ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha ngendlela esikhundleni sokufaka izinto ekuhlakweni kuzokuvikela lezi zintandokazi zonke. Ngokuhambisa ukufaka izinto ekuhlakweni kuqondile kwezindawo ezisodwa, amaqembu okuphatha iziprojekthi ayabona ukuthi kungcono, ukuthi kungcono kwezinhloso, nokuthi kungcono kwezinyathelo. Kumaqondo ezingaphakathi, kumaqondo ezingavunyelwanga, nasezindaweni ezingadinga i-LNG ngokukhawuleza, izinkambo zokufaka i-LNG eziphakathi kwezindawo zingaba yilona kuphela okunconywa.

Ukubonakala Kwesinkambo Sokufaka i-LNG Eziphakathi Kwezindawo

Isinkambo sokufaka i-LNG eziphakathi kwezindawo akuyi into yodwa—kuyi isistimu esihlanganisiwe ngesikhundla esifakwe emagwebeni esithili esifanele ukuthi sifakwe emaphakathini. Isimo esisodwa sisincludes ukuphatha kwesibonelo (ukuphatha ngamoni, ukususa umoya, ukususa i-mercury), ukufaka i-LNG (okwesibonelo kuyi i-nitrogen expander noma i-mixed refrigerant cycle), ukugcina, nokufaka.

Indlela yokubhala ngamaphakathi ayisombululo esithi isitayela siphakanyiswe kumaphakathi okuthunywa, ngokungatholakali kuzo zonke izikhundla—kodwa kusukela ku-40 feet ubude, 10 feet ubwide, kunye ne-10 feet ubude kulezindlela zokuthunywa kwenhlaka, noma kakhulu kulezindlela zokuthunywa ngemoto. amaphakathi abuya emsini ngenxa yezinkqubo zokuthunywa, izinkqubo zokuhlanza, kunye nezinkqubo zokugcina eziqondwe futhi ziziqondiwe. Umsebenzi wemsini uyadlula ukwenza izinkundla, ukubeka amaphakathi, kunye nokuxhumana. Isitayela esisodwa ngokwesikhundla se-100,000 Nm³/day eSichuan sasenziwe ngaphansi kwesikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezinye zeminyaka enye—isikhathi esingakwazi ekuseni ngendlela eyisisekelo yokubhala.

Izinkinga zokuthenga kunye nezinkinga zokuphatha okuyinto ebalulekileyo

Izinhumbu ziyabiza indaba. Ukubhala ngamaphakathi kungahlasela isikhathi sokuphatha ngokuphelele ngokuphela kwe-15 kuya kwe-25% kulokho okwenziwa ngendlela eyisisekelo. Kulesisiphephelo sesifanayo sezinkundla zokusebenza kwe-LNG, lokhu kuchaza ukuthi isikhathi sokuphatha singahlaselwa ngokuphela kwezinsuku ezinye zeminyaka ezimbili—lokhu kusho ukuthi umthombo wokuphatha uya kufika kabusha futhi izindawo zokuthenga zingabuyi kabusha.

Amathuba okukhupha imali kufika kusuka kwezindawo eziningi. Izingxenye zokusebenza kwezindawo zokufaka izinto ziyasebenza ngemali encane kunazo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokufaka izinto kwezindawo zokufaka izinto kwezindawo, ikakhulu xa kubhekwa umkhakha wokusebenza okudingekayo ukuthuthukisa indawo yokuqala yokufaka izinto ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi kwezindawo zokufaka izinto kwezindawo ziyinkimbinkimbi—akukho ukungafani kwesikhathi, akukho imiphumela yokugcina izinto, akukho ukungabi nabo abasebenzi bokufaka izinto ukuhlelwa kwezinto kuhle ngoba isibonelo same sibonelo sisefaka izinto ngokuphindeleka, sifunda amandla okusebenza okungafiki kuzo abasebenzi bokufaka izinto kwezindawo.

Umsebenzisi wokugcina eEagle Ford shale wabona izindlela zombili yezinkampani zokusebenza kwezinkampani zokuphatha iLNG zokuphatha amagallon angu-50,000 ngusuku. Indlela yokuqala yasendula ngama-18% emvuzeni wokufaka kwakho futhi wabonisa ukuthi kuyasekuvula ngeminyaka yamashumi ayisithupa. Uqinisekiso wawukhanya.

Ama-plant ayesikidi abanekhaya—futhi apho akabane

Ama-plant ayesikidi abanekhaya kubizwa ngokwesibindi. Izindawo eziphakeme noma ezinamandla amancane kuyizindawo ezinzima—akukho inkinga yokuthenga nokuphila kwabantu abaningi bakuphatha izinkampani ngeminyaka mibili. Amasiphephelo okuhamba okungahambelani kuyakwazi ukuthengiselwa. Iziprojekthi ezifana neziprojekthi zokuphatha okanye zokuphatha kuyatholakala ukuthi kuyakwazi ukuthintela indawo yamaprojekthi ekhaya elinye lapho iprojekthi yokuqala iphume. .

Kodwa ukusebenzisa amamodi yisiphetho esingasithola ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kumaqondiso okugcina amandla angaphezulu kwe-LNG—kufundiswa ngokuthi kubizwa ngokuthi kunezinkulungwane ezingu-5 zemithoni ngonyaka nangaphezulu—ukuphula kwamandla kuyasebenza kakhulu kusukela ekubeni kubuyiselwa ngokwesikrini. Amamodi kuzoba khulu kakhulu ukuthi kubuyiselwe, futhi ukuthi umsebenzi wokusebenzisa umsebenzi wendawo kubonakala kakhulu kulokho kubonakala kakhulu kusukela ekubeni kubuyiselwa ngokwesikrini.

Kunezinkinga zokubuyiselwa futhi. Amamodi kufanele abe ngaphakathi kwesibhakabhaka sokubuyiselwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto eziphakathi—kuncane kakhulu izicabha zokuhlanganisa noma izicabha zokuhlula kwezilwanyana—kuzoba kufanele zihlwe kumamodi amaningi futhi zihlanganiswe emhlabathini, lokhu kongena kwezinkinga eziphakathi. Umthombo waseNtshonalanga kaNingizimu Afrika wafunda lokhu lomlando lapho isicabha sokuhlula kwezilwanyana sifika engu-6 inches ngaphezulu kokufanele kusukela kwezibhakabhaka zokubuyiselwa. Isiphendule sisisho ukuthi kufanele kuvalelwe izindlela, kufanele kubhekwe ngamapole, futhi kubhishwe imali engezinkulungwane ezingu-6.

Ukuchaza i-Teknoloji kumaqondiso amancane kwe-LNG

Umgcino wokuhlula kwezilwanyana kuyahlanza phakathi kwezinqondiso zokubuyiselwa ngokwesikrini, kodwa amagama amabili ayisisekelo kumaqondiso amancane.

Imisikana yokuqinisa i-nitrogen iyathandwa ngokwakhiwo okuphezulu kwayo nokukhetha ukusebenza . I-nitrogen iqiniswa, iqiniswa emanzini, iqiniswa ukuze kube nesibonelo sokuchitha, futhi isebenza kabusha. Le misikana ayikho inkunzi, okuyisikhundla esikhulu esikhulayo, futhi isebenza kahle ekubeni kubuyekeka ukuguquka kwesilinganiso sesithembiso. Isidingo? Ukusebenza. Imisikana ye-nitrogen isebenza amandla angaphezu kweyilitha yelokhu eliqinisiwe kusuka kwezinhloso zokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene kwezinhloso zokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene.

Imisikana yokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene —khusela kakhulu i-Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR)—sabona ukusebenza kahle kwezinhloso zokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene . Ngokusebenzisa isibonelo sezinkambo zokugcina ne-nitrogen, izinkambo zokugcina zingasimelana kahle nokuchitha kwesithembiso sokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene, okuphezula ukungafanele kwezinhloso zokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene. Isidingo sokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene siphakathi: ukulinganisa izinkambo zokugcina kufanele kwenziwe kahle, futhi isistimu ayikho kuvumela ukuguquka kwesithembiso sokugcina izinkambo ezihlukene.

Kwizinkinga eziningi zokusebenzisa i-skid ephakanyiswa kwe-10,000 ukuya kwe-100,000 Nm³/usuku, izikhathi zokuphakanyisa inyitrogeni ziyachoseni ngokuzenzakalelayo. Zingcono kakhulu ukusebenza, zingcono kakhulu ukulawula, futhi zingabonakala kakhulu ekubeni kuzobonakala kwezindlela zokusebenza eziphakathi kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo zokusebenza nezinkundla ezingazange zibe nesifundo eside.

Ukudesigna nokufaka i-skid: Umndeni wokugcina

Lapha kukhona ukuthi inkambo iyagcina isithunzi. Indawo yokuqala yama-LNG engezinywa ngendlela yokusebenza ayisibonelo sokukhona kwezinto zokufaka. Ukuchaza okufanayo kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kufanele kubhekise izinkinga zokuhamba, akubhekisi kuphela izinkinga zokusebenza. Izinkambo zokuchaza kufanele zibe nempilo yokuhamba kwemoto. Izihlombe zokugcina kufanele zibekwe njengoba kungafanele kubonakala kwezinkinga zokuphakanyisa nokubeka.

Umklamo wabakhi be-skid abangcono kakhulu bezokuthutha kusukela ekuqaleni. Lokho kusho ukucabangela ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo semojuli yokuphakamisa i-crane, ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo kokuhamba emgwaqweni, kanye nezindawo zokufinyelela zokuxhumanisa insimu. Ukuqala ukusebenza esitolo kungenye into ehlukile—i-skid efika nezinsimbi esezilungisiwe kakade futhi izihibe esezivivinyiwe zisindisa amasonto esikhathi sokusebenza ensimini.

Iphrojekthi ePermian Basin isebenzise abakhiqizi ababili abahlukene ukuze kwenziwe ama-skid afanayo. Omunye wafika nazo zonke izinsimbi zilinganisiwe futhi zibhalwe phansi; omunye wafika nezintambo ezikhululekile, izintambo ezingenamalebula, kanye nezinsimbi ezidinga ukulinganiswa kabusha okugcwele. Isitshalo sokuqala saqala emavikini amathathu; esesibili sathatha ishumi. Umehluko wezindleko zokukhiqiza wawungaphansi kuka-5%—umehluko wesikhathi sokuqala wawumkhulu kakhulu.

Kungani Ikhwalithi Yokukhiqiza Inquma Impumelelo Yephrojekthi

Izinye zezinkampani zokusebenzisa i-LNG ezihlanganisiwe nge-skid zizama ukuthintela isikhathi sokuphatha ngokuhambisa ukusebenza kusuka kusendleleni, kodwa lokhu kufanele kube yilokho kuphela uma ukusebenza kusendleleni kwenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo. Umkhombo odinga ukusebenza okwengeziwe kusendleleni kuyakubeka phantsi indlela yokusebenzisa umkhombo. Ukukhanyisa okubi, ukulungiswa kwamanqala okungafanele, nokukhanya okungafanele kwezinkampani akuyi kuthabatha imali kuphela—kuyakuburna isikhathi sokuthintela esisodwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa umkhombo kuyakwenzeka ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Kubasebenzisi bokuphatha abazifundisa izinkampani zokusebenzisa i-skid, ubuninzi bezinkampani zokufaka amakhono kubaluleke kakhulu kunomthwalo wokuthuthukisa inzuzo. Umsebenzi wokufaka amakhono owethuwe ngokuphelele, okuphathelene nezinhlobo zokuphatha okwengeziwe, nokuthola izikhathi zokuthumela ngokuphelele kuzokwenzeka ukuthintela isikhathi sokuphatha ngendlela esingakwazi ukuzibuyisa ngokuphatha kokuphatha. Izinkampani njenge-GreenFir zavuma ubuninzi bakho ngokuthi ziyakwenzela lokhu—ukuthumela izinkampani zokusebenzisa igasi ezihlanganisiwe nge-skid ezithumelwa kusendleleni ziyakwenzeka ngokuphelele, ngokuthintela ukusebenza kusendleleni kanye nokuthola izikhathi zokuvula ngokuphelele.