Umgcino we-LNG wekuphindeka kwenyama

Isibuyelo esiphelile esebenzisa i-LNG

I-LNG isihamba emilijini eminingi kuzo zonke izinyanga zasezulwini ngamashini amahleliwe ngokuphelele, ayabhalwa e-162°C kumathanki okushisa. Kodwa izinkambo eziningi zezithunywa zokusebenza i-LNG azisebenzi ngokwesithunywa—bazisebenzisa inguquko. Kusukela kuma-LNG carrier kuze kusuka kumaphoyisa, le-sithunywa kufanele kubuye kwenyama. Lokho ngu-mgcino wekuphindeka kwenyama, futhi lokho ngu-sibuyelo esiphelile esebenzisa i-LNG.

Isikhala sikhulu kakhulu. I-tereminal enkulu yokubuyisa amandla ayisodwa iyakwenza ngaphezulu kwe-1 billion cubic feet yenjini yamanzi yomoya wokuphuma ngosuku—okukhulu kakhulu ukusabelana nezinkulungwane eziningi zezindlu. Izinto zokusebenza ziyakhulu kakhulu, izindlela zokusebenza zokuthembeka kwezinhlobo zokusebenza ziyakhulu kakhulu, futhi izindlela zokufinyelela kwamandla ziyakhulu kakhulu. Ngisho noma yikhowu yokuqala yokuqala kwe-tereminal yokubuyisa amandla ayisodwa iyakhotha umsebenzisi ngamakhilomitha angu-100 ngokugcina kwezinkinga zokusebenza.

Umdlela Wokuphatha: Kusuka Kwesiliqiniso Ku-Isigashe

Umsebenzo wokubuyisa amandla ayisodwa uyisifundo esingaphansi, kodwa uyisibonelo esikhulu kakhulu. I-LNG ifika ekhaya le-tereminal ngokwesikhathi sokuphuma kwe-162°C futhi ngokwesikhathi sokuphuma kwe-atmosphere. Ukwenza ukuthi yibe isigashe esihlanganisiwe ngokwesikhathi sokuphuma, umsebenzisi kufanele azenze izinto ezimbili: ukuphakamisa iphresha futhi ukunika amandla. .

Ukuphakamisa iphresha kufika kuqala. I-LNG ibuyiselwa emagumbini okugcina ngamapampu amabili—kuqala amapampu athula okugcina okuzoshipha amapampu amakhulu okugcina, emva kwalokho amapampu amakhulu okugcina okuphakamisa iphresha kuqondiso lokusebenza, okukhulu kakhulu ngokwesikhathi sokuphuma kwe-80 ku-100 bar kule miqondiso, i-LNG iba yiliquidi ngakoloko kusha kakhulu. Ukuphakamisa i-LNG kumizimba yekhriyojinekhi iyadinga izinkambo ezispecyalisi: izimpumpu zihlalwa emzimbeni wokusha ukuzikhlinde, futhi izisele ziyadinga ukusebenza ngokwesibonelo sokusha nokuphakamisa kwemiphumela.

Ukusha kufika esibili. I-LNG ekhulu kumiphumela iphuma kwevaporizer apho ikhuluma ku-5–10°C, ikhuluma kabusha ku-gasi. ugasi ulandela emseleni yokubhalisa, ukudla umdlalo (ukusuka kungafanele), futhi emkhathini wokuhambisa.

Izintechinoloji Zevaporizer: Isithunywa Sokugugula

Ivaporizer yisiphequlwe esibalasekile kakhulu kwezinkambo zokugugula. Izintechinoloji ezintathu zokusebenza kakhulu zihlanganisa isifundaziko, ngokwesilinganiso sesilinganiso sokusebenza.

Izimpumpu Zokuvula Ngokwesibonelo (ORVs) sebenzisa amanzi emhlabathini njengekhishini yamandla. Amazinyo e-mhlabathini abhekwa ngendlela yokuqondisa izihlalo zesihlalo esisodwa sokuthi kusenziwe i-LNG. Amazinyo asiza i-LNG, okuyoba ngokuvula kwayo futhi ikhupha ngokubuya njengomoya. I-ORVs ziyisimpilisayo, ziyasebenza kahle, futhi zinakho imali encane yokusebenza ngoba amazinyo e-mhlabathini ayitholakali. Isidingo soku? Kufuneka kubekho isikhala esinkulu sokuthi amazinyo e-mhlabathini ahambe ngaphakathi futhi abuye ngaphandle, okuyenza ukuthi kubekiwe imithwalo yamandla yasezulwini. Kuyasebenza kuphi lapha amazinyo e-mhlabathini anamuhla—kukhona okungekufanani ne-5°C.

Izivulazivula Zokushisa Okwesibhakabhaka (SCVs) zibhala isiqephu sezinyo zokushisa okuzosiza ku-LNG ngamazinyo okushisa. I-SCVs ziyisikhala esincane futhi zisebenza ngaso sonke isimo sezulu—azikwazi ukusebenza ngokuchaza kwamazinyo e-mhlabathini. Isidingo soku kukhokho kwezinyo: i-SCVs zibhala ngokwegama elingu-1.5 ukuze 2% yezinyo zokushisa okuzovulwa. Lokhu kukhokho okungakwazi ukuthi kuthengiselwe.

Izivulazivula Zokugcina Amazinyo (IFVs) sebenzisa isilimi sesikhathi sokugcina umthelela—okunjalo i-propane noma isibonelo se-glycol-nomnandi—ukuthumela umthelela kusukela emkhosini (amanzi amanzi okanye ukuphuma kwamandla) kwi-LNG. Lokhu kusinika umlando wokusebenza futhi kuhlinzeka i-LNG ukusuka kubukhona ngqo emkhosini womthelela, kodwa kongena kwezinkinga nezindlela zokuthengisa.

Ukuphakeme kwezinkambo zokugcina nokubuyisela amandla

Akukho konke okubuyiselwa amandla kwenhlawule. Izinkambo zokugcina nokubuyisela amandla ezinkambo (FSRUs) zakhuthaza isibono sokufaka i-LNG emhlabeni ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili . I-FSRU yindlela yokubuyisela amandla ekhaya ephakathi kwesikhumba—izinkambo zokugcina i-LNG, izinkambo zokubuyisela amandla, nezinkambo zokuthumela amandla zonke zihlala kusikhumba esiphambili .

Izinhumbu zithi indaba. Ngenkathi yokuqala kwe-2023, izinkambo ezingu-51 zayisebenza emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ku-30 kwe-2020—ukuphakama kwe-70% ngeminyaka emibili . Isibono se-FSRU esihlukene sasoloko sasendaweni yangu-903 million ngo-2024 futhi sisikwazi ukufika ku-$1.78 billion ngo-2033 .

Yini okubangela lokuphakama? Ukuvuselela nokuthengisa. Ikhaya lokubuyisela amandla elandile lisinikezwa nesibuyiselela ngeminyaka emihlanu kuya kuye ngeminyaka engu-7. I-FSRU ingasebenza ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuya kuye ngeminyaka eyishibili . Isibonelo sokuziphatha kwaJalimani ngo-2022 sibonakalo: emva kokukhuphwa kwezinhlanga zaseRashiya, iNingizimu Afrika yavumela izinkampani ezingu-5 ze-FSRUs ngeminyaka eyishumi namashumi amabili, ekungafuneki ukubhekana nezindawo zokwakha izinkampani zasekhaya .

Izinkampani ze-FSRUs azinakho ukuthi zibe nempilo yokusebenza. Ziyadlula izinkampani zasekhaya—ukusenda kwesithembu sokuvulwa nokuthenga kwesikhathi sokuvulwa kwezinkampani ziyadlula. Kuyakhiwa isikhathi esifanayo noma kufanele ukubhekana nezindawo zokwakha izinkampani zasekhaya. Kodwa kumaqondisweni othanda ukuthola i-LNG ngokushesha, noma lapho umhlaba uyisigaba noma kufanele ukubhekana nezindawo zokwakha izinkampani zasekhaya, izinkampani ze-FSRUs ziyisahluko esisodwa sokuthola i-LNG.

Ukubuyisa Ukuchitha Kwesithembu Sokuvulwa: Isibonelo Esingasolwaziyo

Lokhu okungasolwaziyo kakhulu: i-LNG inenqubo enkulu yokuqala yokuqala—ukuchitha kwesithembu sokuvulwa okwakhiwe kwi-liquefaction plant. Lapho i-LNG ivulwa, lokhu kuchitha kuyathathwa ku-saltwater noma ku-luhlu lwesibhakabhaka. Kodwa akukho konke okufanele ukuthi kuchithwe.

Izithuthi eziningi ezizweni wonke zibegina ukubuyisela leziqhubo zesikhathi esibomvu kuzinye izisekelo. EJaphane, lapho ukufakwa kwe-LNG kubanzi kakhulu, isikhathi esibomvu sisebenziswa ekusungulweni kwesifuba (ukuproducisa i-liquid oxygen ne-nitrogen), ukubeka amandla okugcina i-CO₂ esikhathini esibomvu, futhi nangokuchitha izindawo zokusebenza kwezinkumbulo. Izingxenye zokusebenza ziyinkimbinkimbi: isikhathi esibomvu se-LNG sinezinto ezingu-2 ku-5 USD ngalokho kwe-MMBtu, kusukela kumthwalo wamandla welektriki emhlabeni futhi kusukela kuzinye izisekelo.

Ukuvula kuyizinkinga. Ukubuyisela isikhathi esibomvu kudinga umsebenzisi wesayensi esiphambili ongasebenzisa isikhathi esibomvu, noma isistimu yokuproducisa amandla ongasebenzisa ubuningi bekhona phakathi kwezinhlobo zokusebenza ukuproducisa amandla. Akukho yilokho lokhu kuzonke izithuthi. Kodwa kuzo zonke eziyinqamba, ukubuyisela isikhathi esibomvu kungabuyisa inani elikhulu lezindleko zokusebenza kwezithuthi.

Izinkinga Zokusebenza Nezinkinga Zokubaluleka Kwesikhathi

Izindlela zokubuyisela igasi ziyizikhungo ezinamandla okusebenza—kufanele kube yizikhungo ezinamandla okusebenza. Izindlela ezingakwazi ukuthumela igasi lapho isistimu sokugcina singadinga kuyabona amasulapho angaphansi kokuphatha kwemali kodwa futhi ukuzilungiselela kwezomthetho nokubonwa ngokukhula kwezindaba zokuhlanganisa.

Umphumapho wokusebenza omkhulu kuyisilinganiso sokuvula kwezinkambo. Uma umsakazo we-LNG uyakhulu kunezindlela zokunika amandla, izinkambo zingavula, zibeka ubuncinane bokunika amandla, futhi zingakhohlwa izihlangothi. Abasebenzi bawusabela ngokulawula umsakazo we-LNG, ukubona isikhathi sokuvula kwesihlangothi, futhi ngamazwi amaningi, besebenzisa izinkqubo zokuvula.

Umphumapho wokwenzeka kwesinye yikhotha lokusha. Ukuguquka kwesikhathi kusukela ku-162°C ku-5°C kwenza ubuncinane obukhulu kwezinhlobo zokugcina nezikhungo. Izimboni zokuvula nokuhlala kwezinhlobo zokugcina ziyisisekelo esibalulekile. Izindlela ezingaphansi kwe-Spain zazifunda leli lesiwa lapho ilayini yokuqala ye-LNG eyadlula ngokusha kwasuswa ngokusha kusukela kusukela kusukela, okwakwenzela ukuthi isikhundu sesihlangothi sivule ngokuguquka kwesikhathi sokusha. Ukuvula kwalimele amasibili abili futhi kwalimele ngaphezu kwe-$1 million.

Isiphumo se-“Fabrication Quality” kusukela kubukhona kwezinkundla zokusebenza

Izinkambo zokusebenza kwezinkundla zokuvuseka kuzisa kuzisa kwezinye isikhathi—kukhala phansi kwezinye isikhathi, ukuphepha kakhulu kwezinye isikhathi, nokuguqula ngokushesha kwesilinganiso sokuchaza nasekuhlala phansi. Lokhu kukhala isikhundla esikhulu sokusebenza kwezinkambo zokusebenza, futhi ubukhulu bekufakwa kwezinkambo kuyisiphumo esikhulu.

Ukufaka okubi kwezinhlobo zokufaka kwezinhlobo zokugcina kuzisa kungasiza ekuthinteni kwezinhlobo zokufaka. Ukungafakwa kwezinhlobo zokugcina kuzisa kungasiza ekuthinteni kwezinhlobo zokufaka. Ukufakwa okubi kwezinhlobo zokufaka kungasiza ekuthinteni kwezinhlobo zokufaka. Lezi zizindlela ezisemthwakweni—zibonakala kwezinkundla, futhi ziyathinta imali.

Kubasebenzi ababhekiswe kumsebenzi nezindlela zokusebenza, ukusebenza nesikhungo esisikhe sokuqondisa izinkinga lezi. Izinhlanganiswano ezithi GreenFir, ezithile ekutheni isikhungo esihle sokufaka futhi ukuziloba ngokuphakeme kuzo zonke izinhlanganiswano zokuphatha igasi, zibeka leli simiso kwezinhlanganiswano zokuvula kabusha. Uma izivulazinye zifika emhlabeni ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngokushesha, futhi izihlilo zizokhala phakade ngaphandle kokukhupha, umkhosi wokuvula kabusha uyavula ngokwesikhathi futhi uyakhala khona lapho kuyadingeka kakhulu.