Imithombo Yomoya Ombili Yezinkulungwane

Ukuguqula Okuyisibonelo Sokuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwemithombo Yomoya Yezinkulungwane

Umoya yezinkulungwane uyaphila ngeminyaka eyingu-10 ngendlela ejabulisayo—kude kakhulu ukuba ibe yomoya wokubusa wamaphuzi, kodwa kude kakhulu ukuba ibe yomoya wokubusa wamaphuzi wokufana nesikhathi. Kodwa izinombolo ziyabika isibonelo esihlukile. Isikole Samaphuzi Amanye Amazwe (International Energy Agency’s) Umoya 2025 ireport ibhekise isifundo sezomnotho ephakathi kwesinye isikhundla apho ubukhulu bekuphatha nokuproducwa kwezomnotho kwe-LNG kwe-2025 kwasemthwakathini, nasezinkambo zezomnotho nezinkambo zokufaka kusebenza ngokuvamile kakhulu kubafundi abanamandla. Isifundo se-MarketsandMarkets sibiza ukuthi isifundo sezomnotho wezinye izinsizwa zezomnotho ephakathi kwesinye isikhundla kuphatha kwe-2025 kuyakwazi ukufika emlandweni wama-$97 bilioni, futhi kuyakwazi ukuphakama ku-$122.5 bilioni ngo-2030. Akukho isikhundla esiphakanyisayo. Yilokho isikhundla esishintshayo.

Umbuzo omkhulu akukho ukuthi izomnotho zizokwenzela phakathi kwezinhloso zomthelela, kodwa phantsi zizokuprosesa, zizokuchithwa, futhi zizokuthunyelwa. Izisombululo zesomnotho sezomnotho ezihlakaniphe akukho zokubuyisa izomnotho zezinye izinto. Ziyizisombululo eziyakwenza izomnotho zezinye zizihlanu, zizinkhulu, futhi zizokuhlanganiswa ngokushesha nesikhundla sokuchitha ikhaboni futhi nezomnotho zezinye ezihlakaniphe njenge-hydrogen ne-biomethane.

“Green” Yikuphi Kusukela Kwesikhundla Sesomnotho

Kunezindlela eziningi zokubheka ukuthi “lucane” ngumlando wokugcina—kungani uma isivuno sisebenza kahle noma akasisebenzi. Kwenyathelo yempilo, kukhona umkhakha wokugcina. Kukuphatha igazi, igazi elilucane kakhulu yilokho esingaqondi kusuka kwezinye izindawo. Okulandelayo kuyilokho okwenzeka ngokusebenza ngokuncipha kakhulu kwamandla nokuthola izinto ezingaphansi kakhulu. Kwanjalo kunezimboni zokuthi kuzoba kanjani kwe-CO₂ ekususwini kwezinto ezingaphansi.

Izinkampani zokuhlanza igazi ngokusebenzisa amine zihlanza izigazi zesidlo kusuka kwegazi elingenamandla ngeminyaka eyingu-10. Umqondo wokusebenza okuqondile ubeka le-CO₂ emhlabeni. Izinkampani ezintsha ziyabambisana le-CO₂ ekususwini kwezinye izindawo noma ekufakweni kwezinye izigazi emhlabeni ukuze kuvuleke inkululeko yokuhlola igazi. Ukuchaza ukuguqula kwezinhlobo zokuhlanza akuyi kubizwa ngokuchaza kwezinye izinhlobo—kuyi kubizwa ngokuchaza kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Indawo enkulu yekuphatha igazi inokuthenga izinto ezingu-50,000 kuze nezingu-200,000 tons yezinto ezingaphansi ngonyaka kuphela kusuka kwezinhlobo zokuhlanza igazi, kusukela kwezinhlobo zokuphatha igazi nokuthenga. Ukuthatha futhi ukusebenzisa lezinto ziyagcina ukuchaza kwezinye izinhlobo.

Kwakho kanye isiqephu sesixhobo. Izindlela zokugcina amanzi ngokuphuma kwemithambo yezinkulungwane ziyisikhundla sokusebenzisa imisebenzi ngokupheleleyo ngokwesibonelo. Kodwa umahluko phakathi kwe-LNG train engeziwe kahle neyothathwe ngendlela engafanele kungaba phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-20 percent kusenqumeni sezimisebenzi. Akukho nomlando wokuthetha ngokuziphatha. Lokhu kukuphulaphula phakathi kwe-projekthi eyodwa futhi eyakhiwa ngokupheleleyo neyothathwe ngendlela engafanele.

Isiprojekthi Esisenqumeni: Ukuguqula Isikhundla Se-Southern Chemical Plant

Hlola isikhundla sechemikhali esemhlabeni emzansi kaseShina esayisebenzisa isikhundla sokuhlanza amagasi ngokuzenzakalelayo ngeminyaka emine. Isikhundla sisewusebenza—sifika kumazwi okuprodukha, sibuyela kumakhompyutha okunye, futhi saphumelela kwezivikho zokubhekana nesifunda. Kodwa umphathi wabona into ejabulisayo. Umkhakha we-gas yokuqala wabuye wabuyela kusukela kwezinyanga, ngenxa yokuba kune-CO₂ eningi kakhulu futhi kunezinhlobo zezihlangothi eziningi zezihlangothi ezingaphezu kwezilungileyo zokudalwa kwezinyanga. Umkhakha wokubuyela kusukela wabuyela kusukela kwezinyanga. Kufanekile ukuthi kunezimisebenzi zokubuyela kusukela ziyabuyela kusukela kwezinyanga.

Ithimba lithumela umqondisi wokuphatha ukuthi wenze isimulayishini esigcwele sesiprotsesi ngokusebenzisa i-Aspen HYSYS. Lokho okubuyile kwasibonakalise. Iyunithi yasezinsukwini yayisebenza ngemiphumela yokuqinisa kwezintambo ngemiphumela engu-12 percent ngaphansi kweyokuba kungakwazi, kuphela ngoba ubumbiko bekhetho akakhathali kubonakala kwempilo. Ukuguqula isistimu yamiyni ngokusetshenziswa kwesolventi esihle futhi ukuguqula ukugxilwa kwamandla kususa ngemiphumela engu-8 percent kwezinkulungwane zomthwalo wezinyoka zomthwalo wendawo. Lokhu kusukuma ngemalangha angu-$1.2 emva kwezinkulungwane zomthwalo wendawo ngemikhahla yezinyoka zomthwalo kuzo zonke. Umsebenzi wabuyiswe ngaphansi kwezinsukwini ezintathu—akungabhekwa ngoba utheknoloji wayengumthwalo wokusha, kodwa ngoba isiphumo sawasibonakalise kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza. sibonakalise kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza.

Lokhu kukho isiphumo esingakwazi ukubhala amagazini kodwa sibonakalise kubonakala kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza. Futhi lokhu kukho ukubonakalisa kwezinyoka zokuvutha kwezinyoka zokuvutha kwezinyoka zokuvutha: kubonakalise kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza, kubonakalise kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza, futhi kubonakalise kubonakala kwezinsukwini zokusebenza.

Isistimu Yesiteki Yokuthenga

Ukuxoxa ngamathuba okugcina igasi esihlakweni ngaphandle kokuxoxa ngamatekhnoloji amasodwa kuyisibonelo sokuxoxa ngendlela yokupheka ngaphandle kokumentiona amazinyo. Le yilokhu okutholakala manje kubukhali bokusebenza kuzo izinkampani zokuthi zizame ukuguqula isimo:

Industriya ibuye iphendula isikhathi sokuthi isikhundla esinye sifanele konke. Isiprojekthi yomkhosi wesigas esingaphansi kwesikhundla esisodwa esinesibonelo sesikhundla se-5 MMscfd asifana nokuthi isiprojekthi yokuhanisa i-LNG esinesibonelo sesikhundla se-500 MMscfd. Izingxenye eziphatha izinto ezifana nezinye zizoba yinkambo yokuphuluka kwesinye. Lokho ke ngakho umlando wabuyile kusukela ku-“yini inkambo enenhloko” ku-“yini inkambo eyafanele” e ukuthabatha, e indawo, futhi e isivumelwano sokuthenga.”

Amakhishini akhona kahle kunezinye izinto ezithandwa ngokuphelele

Kukho umthetho owodwa oqondile ukuthi amakhishini njenge-ASME, CE, ne-EAC ayizinto zokubhala kuphela—izinkundla ezingafanele ukuzibhala ukufuna ukuvumela ukusebenza. Ngempela, lezi zikhishini ziyizibalo zokusebenza kwezinhlanganiswano. I-vessel yepressure eyinomkhishini we-ASME U-Stamp wayebhekwe, wayenziwe, wayebhekwe, futhi wayebhalwe ngokulinganisa okubonakalayo kuzo zonke izizwe zokusebenza. Lokhu kubalulekile lapha kusobala indawo yokusebenza ekhona emazwe apho amathuluzi okubhekwa awanakwenzela ukubhekwa kwazo zonke izihlangothi.

Izindaba zokumaka i-CE kwemishini engena emakethe yaseYurophu. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-EAC kungumgcini wesango loMfelandawonye Wezomnotho Wase-Eurasian. Umhlinzeki ophethe zonke lezi zinto ezintathu uye wabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwakhe lokuphatha ikhwalithi lungahlangabezana nezinhlelo eziningi zokulawula ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokho akuyona into encane. Kudinga izinqubo ezilandelanayo, ukuhlolwa okuvela eceleni, kanye nesiko lokulandelela ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi abaligcini .

Kumnikazi wephrojekthi, ukuba khona kwalezi ziqinisekiso kunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wokuhlolwa okufanele. Akususi isidingo sokuhlolwa kwendawo noma ukuhlolwa okuzimele, kodwa kunikeza izinga eliyisisekelo lokuqiniseka ukuthi imishini izosebenza njengoba kuchaziwe.

Inani Langempela Lokwenza Iphutha

Kunezindlela eziyisikhathi esiphakeme emhlabeni emzantsi emzantsi, ezibonisa ukuthi kufanele sibe nesibophelo. Iplanti yase-LNG enkulu kakhulu yasinyikelwa ku-Contractor we-EPC osebenzile kakhulu kwezindlu zokuvula izinkolo kodwa akasenzi ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphatha izigasikhi ezingaphansi. Umthwalo wawusizi—ngaphezu kwezinye izinkomba ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Umphathi wabuyisela umthwalo wokuqala.

Izindlela zazihamba ngaphezu kwesikhathi ngeminyaka ema-19. Ukuphulukana kwamathuba kwasiza ngaphezu kwezinye izinkomba ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Iplanti yokugcina yayisebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izinkomba ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Umsebenzisi wabuya ngeminyaka emibili ukubona izinkinga nokubuyisela izinto ezingafanele. Ngemva kokuba iplanti yasemuka ngokwesikhathi sokusebenza, isivumelwano sokunika izigasikhi sasizimiswa kabili.

Lokho ngu-ubungo obungafihliwe wezinhlobo zokusebenzisa izigasikhi ezinhlakanipha okungafanele izolo —zilizinto eziphatha izigasikhi kuphela. Ubuncane phakathi kwepalanti ezenza ukusebenza nokwezinye izinhlobo zepalanti ezenza ukusebenza ngokwesikhathi ngokwesikhathi akasiqondi kwi-P&ID. Kuyikho ekuboneni kwesayensi yokukhetha isimo sokusebenza esifanele, ukubala kwezinto zokusebenza esifanele, nokubala kokusebenza okufanele ngokwesikhathi sokuqala.

Kuthini Okufanele Ukubona Kusomkhanyisi

Isandla sesayensi yesilingo sesimilo esihlukene kuphela umba wesi-2 wesiphumo. Umba wesibili yilomthwana osebenzisa izinto zokusebenza. Umthwana onesayensi engaphandle kwesibonelo sakhe ungakhombisa imiphumela yezinkinga zokusebenza ngaphandle kokulinda umkhanyisi wesithathu. Umthwana owenekhaya yokwenza izinto zokusebenza ungahlonipha ubukhulu kusukela ekuphelweni kwemithwalo yezinto zokusebenza kuze kufinye ku-test yamaphiko. Isitsha esinamasimu e-ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ne-ISO 45001 sengezwe izinhlangano zokudala ezizokubonakala kubukhulu, ekuvikelweni, nokubonakala kokusebenza kwezimpilo—akasengoba abalawuli bayadinga lokho, kodwa ngoba ukusebenza okuhle kuyadinga lokho .

Izinkampani eziletha imiphumela emihle njalo zivame ukuba nezimpawu ezimbalwa ezifanayo: zinolwazi olunzulu lobunjiniyela benqubo, zigcina ukulawula okuqondile ekukhiqizeni, futhi zinomlando wamaphrojekthi aqale ngesikhathi futhi ahlangabezana neziqinisekiso zokusebenza. Leli phuzu lokugcina kunzima ukuliqinisekisa kunalokho okufanele kube njalo, kodwa futhi libonisa okuningi.

IGreenFir isebenza ngalokhu kanye ukuhlanganiswakokuklama, izindawo zokukhiqiza ezingezakhe, kanye nezitifiketi ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke kuhlanganise ne-ASME, CE, ne-EAC . Le nkampani iye yazakhela idumela lokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zokucubungula igesi ezilinganisela ukusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe nokuthengiswa kwezinto, isebenzela izimakethe ezisuka eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia ziye eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngemishini eyenzelwe ukuhlala isikhathi eside.