Isiklathi Sokukhetha Umthunywa We-EPC Wemithombo Yomoya

Izinkinga zizoba ngezinye zezinkulu kakhulu

I-plant yegasi ayiyi into eyodwa yokusebenza. Yiloo mikhulu yegazi yezinto eziningi ezinamandla amaningi, izinhlobo zezinto zokuzimela, izinhlobo zokugcina amanzi, izinhlobo zokuhambisa, izinhlobo zokubhala, nezinhlobo zokuphatha, zonke zihambisana ngokuphelele. Futhi umuntu ongumsebenzisi we-EPC—ukufunda, ukuthenga, nokubhala—ngumuntu ongumsebenzisi wokubringa loo mikhulu yegazi yezinto eziningi.

Isibaza sesilungisi sezinkambo nezinkambo zasezulwini esikhulu sasenziwe ngemali engapakathi kwamanqanu amashumi eli-54.5 ngo-2024 futhi kusisombulula ukufika emalini angapakathi kwamanqanu amashumi eli-83 ngo-2034. Ukuthenga kwezinkambo zasezulwini kuphela kusisombulula ukuba kuyisikhundla sangempela emalini angapakathi kwamanqanu amashumi eli-54 ngo-2025. Noma kunjani okukhulu kwezimali ephambana, umahluko phakathi kokukhetha umsebenzisi wokusebenza othile nokukhetha umsebenzisi owawo kubhekwa ngemali engapakathi kwamanqanu amashumi, iminyaka yokuqala kokuphuma kwezinto, nokuzimela kwezinto zokusebenza okuzimele kude kuminyaka eminingi.

Kodwa indlela yokukhetha kwezinhlangano zokwenza izinto zingathandabuka kakhulu. Isicelo sokuthenga sithunyelwa. Izindlela eziningi ziyavuka. Inani elincane liyathola isiphumo. Emva kwalokho izinkinga zibegina.

Lolu gida alikho ngokuthenga. Kuyikho ngokuthi yini okuyidingekayo xa kususwa izinkambo zokusebenza kwezinkambo zokusebenza kwezinkambo zokusebenza kwezinkambo zokusebenza—kubased onke okusebenzile, okungasebenzi, nokuthi izidata zizibonisa.

Ukusebenza kungakho isihloko sokusebenza

Konke umsebenzisi awenayo iwebhusayithi enobuchwepheshe bokusebenza kwezinkambo. Konke umsebenzisi awenayo ulistu lwabasebenzisi abadala. Kodwa ukusebenza akukho ngokubhalwa kwesihloko sokusebenza ukunazo iziprojekthi ezenziwe. Kuyisikhathi sokuzenza esifanayo iziprojekthi ngaphansi kwe- esifanayo imizamo.

Umsebenzisi owakha izikhumba ezintweni zezindawo zokuphatha amafutha kungamalungiselela isikhumba sokukhula kwe-LNG esikhaleni. Izindlela zokusebenza ziyafanana, kodwa izinto eziphambili—ukugxuma kwesithunywa, izindlela zokuhlala phansi kokushisa, ukulawula kwezinhlobo zezilayini zokushisa—zihlukene. I-International Energy Agency’s Global LNG Capacity Tracker yasambatha izikhumba eziningi kakhulu zezindawo zokukhula kwe-LNG ezingaba yizinkulu kakhulu eminyakeni yase-2025, okuyinto eyinkulu kakhulu ekhona. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkulu kakhulu zezisebenzisi zibhekene nempilo yabo, futhi izinkulu kakhulu zezomuntu ozokwenzela zibhekene nokufuna abasebenzisi abanobuchwepheshe.

Umbuzo omuhle osho akubanga “kuningaki iziprojekthi ozenzile” kodwa “kuningaki iziprojekthi ozenzile okufana nalesi isikhundla , le isithunywa , kanye le isiphetho sokusebenza .” Umsebenzisi owakhipha izikhumba ezintathu zezindawo zokukhula kwe-LNG zezinkulu kakhulu (2 MMTPA) eminyakeni emihlanu edlule uyisikhundla esihlukene kakhulu kuwo umsebenzisi owakhipha isikhumba esinye sokukhula kwe-LNG (0.5 MMTPA) ngonyaka odlule.

Ukubhalisa Okuchaza Ukuthi Kuphi Ukuhlanganisa Nokuthi Kuphi Ukuthembeka

Amabhukhosi akwazi ukuba ngamaphuzu okuhlela. Bayizibonelo zokuthembeka kwezinsiza zokusebenza ngokwesithathu. Kuzinkampani zokusebenza kwezilwane zokugcina igas, izindlela zokuthembeka ezibalulekile ziyizibonelo ze-ASME U-Stamp kwezinkampani zokugcina igas, isibonelo se-CE sokufinyelela emazweni e-Europe, nokuthembeka kwe-EAC kwezwe le-Eurasian Economic Union .

Kodwa kukho indawo eyingqayile. Umsebenzi otholakala nge-ISO 9001:2015 yokuphatha ubunzima, ISO 14001:2015 yokuphatha umbono wemvelo, nokuthembeka kwe-ISO 45001:2018 yokuphatha ubunzima bokusebenza kanye nokuphatha ubunzima bokusebenza kuyasebenza ngendlela eyingqayile ekuphatheni ubunzima bokusebenza. lezi zibonelo ziyadinga izindlela zokubhalisa, izifundo zokubhalisa, izindlela zokwenza izinto ezinconyelwe, nokubhalisa ukuthembeka kwezindawo zokuphatha. Akuzange kube lula ukubhalisa. Akuzange kube yisikhundla sokubhalisa kumsebenzi owenzayo kwezizwe eziningi.

Indawo eyodwa ekhona kakhulu ekuphazamiswako ngokuphelele kukhuluma ngokuthi kususwe ukuthi kubhalwe. Isiqondiso sika-ASME Section IX sibhekiselela ukuthi kususwe ukuthi kubhalwe, futhi umahluko phakathi kwesikrini esithi sithatha isikhathi sokugcina ukuthi kususwe ukuthi kubhalwe yonke yezinkundla zokukhamba nokusebenza ngezinye ephindaphinda ukuthi kubhalwe njengokuthi kuyiliphiqo lokubhalwa kuphakathi kwalokho okuthi kususwe ukuthi kubhalwe. Ukukhamba okungafanele kwenye indawo yokufaka izinkundla kuzokhomba ukuthi kuyisikhundla sokubhalwa kwezinkundla zokukhamba.

Umgap wokuphatha: Kungani amabhidi akhula kuyabeka amakhulu

Kunezindlela ezitholakala kakhulu emsebenzini wokuthenga u-EPC: umbhidi wokugcina okhula kuyabeka umbhidi wokugcina okhula. Lokhu akukhothama ngoba abathengi abanambhidi abangafanele. Akukhothama ngoba isikhundla sokuthenga esikhundleni sokuthenga akuyiyo yonke ngokuphelele ukuthi kuyakwazi ukuthenga ngokuphelele.

Ukukhetha abakholwa okuphelele kufuneka kube nesikhathi sokubonisa ukuthi isikhundla sokukhetha sibonakaliswe ngokuphelele, akukho kuphela esikhathini sokugcina ukuvumela ukuthenga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele sibonise ukuthi isikhundla sokukhetha sibonakaliswe ngokuphelele kabefore ukuthenga kwenziwe. Abaningi abakhokheli bakhuluma ngokukhetha isikhundla ukuze bafike emqondweni wokuthenga, kodwa bafunda ukuthi ubunikazi bakho bakhethwe ngokwesithembiso esingasivumelekile.

Isiphelo kukhona kwezinkambo zokuguqula. Ngisho noma yikuphi inkambo yokuguqula iyakwenzela ukuthi kubekwe izinkinga, ukuzimisa, nokuhlanjwa. Ngenkathi indawo yasemthwakweni, ubunikazi obungaphansi bukhala, futhi umphathi uyabaleka ngendawo eyakwenzeka ngokuphansi kwezinye izinkambo zokuthenga eziningi.

Indlela elungileyo yokuzama lokhu kukubiza umthengisi ukuthi abeke isibonelo esidelelweyo sezindlela zokubhekisela kuzo—izindlela zokusebenzisa izithunzi, izigaba zokusebenza kwesikhathi, izinkambo zokuguqula izinto ezihlukene, nezingxenye zokugcina. Uma umthengisi akakwazi noma akafuni ukubeka lezi, lokho kuyisitha sokuphazimula. Uma izindlela zokubhekisela kuzo ziyisodwa futhi ubuyeli bubi, lokho kuyisibonelo sokufunda kabanzi.

Ukuzama Kwempilo: Isiprojekthi Sembili Yeliquified Natural Gas (LNG) eSewuthu Afrika

Kuneziprojekthi ezibonisa lezi zinhloso ngokuphelele. Isiprojekthi se-LNG liquefaction esinezindawo zokuphatha emhlabeni yaseSewuthu Afrika sasifundiswa. Umphathi wabhalisa amathathu amathengisi ase-EPC. Umthengisi A wabekwe ngokwesibonelo sakhe sokusebenza ngokwesiprojekthi se-LNG, ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwezinto zokusebenza, nokumemezela ukuthi kusakwenzwa ngokwesikhathi. Umthengisi B wasebenzisa iziprojekthi ezifanayo kodwa wabekwe ngokwesibonelo esingapheliyo ngokwesibuyeli. Umthengisi C akasayi wasebenzisa isiprojekthi se-LNG kodwa wabekwe ngokwesibonelo esikhulu sokusebenza ngokwesiprojekthi se-downstream petrochemicals futhi wabuyela 14 percent ngapansi kukaUmthengisi A.

Umnikazi wakhetha u-Contractor C. Ukuqondana kwakwezinye izinto: isikhundla sesayensi sasenziwa ngokuvumelwa kusuka ku-ven-dor enkulu, ngakho yini okukhulu okufunekayo?

Isiprojekthi saphuma eminyakeni eyi-22 ethe ngaphandle kwesikhathi esisiza. Ukuphulukisa kwesilinganiso sakwesiphelo kwaseminyakeni eyi-47. Isitsha sasafika kuphela ku-89 percent wezinhloso zayo zokusebenza ngonyaka yokuqala wokusebenza. Umsebenzisi kufanele akhulule amaqembu ezenzo lezintshiseko ezinye ukuzilungisa isiklaki sokugqibela, okukhulula ama-$8 million. Isikhundla sesayensi esenziwa ngokuvumelwa kwasenzeka kangako. Ingabe isimo sasembona ukuthi u-Contractor C akakhiwe ngokwesibonelo se-engineering sokubona izinto ezihlukene ngezinkambo zokuhlukwa, futhi akakwazi ukugcina isikhundla sesayensi esenziwa ngokuvumelwa ngezinye izinto zokusebenza.

Lokho kukuphakanyiswa phakathi kwe-contractor osebenzile lokho naye osebenzile funa ukwenza . Ukuphakanyiswa kwezinhloso zokubona izinto zokusebenza akuyi-markup—kuyi-insurance.

Amazwi Okukhulu Okukhona Ekubhaleni Amagama E-Contractor

Lokhu kubalwa ngokulinganisa ama-contractor aye-EPC, kunezinhloso eziningi ezithinta izindlela zokubhala izindaba:

Lezi zizindlela zokubonakala. Ziyakwenzeka. Umsebenzisi omuhle uzokubona lezi zindlela. Umsebenzisi ongakhohlwa noma ongavumeli zizindlela ziyakubonisa umphathi okukodwa.

Ukubonakala kokugcinwa kwezinsiza zokufaka

Kunezinguquko zokubalwa phakathi kwezinkampani zokufaka izinto ezinconywa (EPC) ozifakwa ngazo ngokwanele izinto eziphambili zazo nezozifaka ngokwanele ngokuphathwa kwazo konke. Umkhondo wokugcina zonke izinto kuyasebenza ngokuthula. Uma itimu yokuhlinzekisa ne- workshop yokufakwa kuzikhiwe kulesi sikhundla, izinguquko zokuhlinzekisa ziyasebenza ngokuthula ngaphandle kokubhindela kokuphatha kwezindawo ezihlukene. Ukulawula ububi kuyasemthethweni ngoba yintimu eyodwa ukusuka kwezinto zokufakwa kuya kwezinto zokugcina. Ukulawula isikhathi kuyasemthethweni ngoba akukho muntu othile ozofaka ngokwanele ona amazwi okuthi aqondile.

Umphathi owenziwe ngaphakathi wezindawo zokufaka nayo uyabona ngqo izindlela zokufaka izinto, isikhathi sokufika kwezinto, nokubhindela kokufaka izinto. Lokhu kuyakubiza ukuthi izibizo ziyisemthethweni futhi kunezinkinga ezingaphezulu ekusebenzeni. Kumaqandu okufaka izinto zokusebenza ngokwezinye—lapho izivili zokuphakama, izivili zokuchitha isikhathi, nezivili zokuchitha isikhathi sokushisa ziyizinto eziphambili—lokhu kuyisibonelo esingahlanganisiweyo. Kuyisibonelo sokuthi umphathi uyakhuleka ngaphezulu. .

GreenFir iyasebenza ngalesi simodeli, nge-“in-house design center” ne-“manufacturing facility” esiyakhiwe kuleli gama elithi 27,000 square meters. Ikhaya linemfundo yokuqala yaseMzantsi Afrika (ASME U-Stamp certification) futhi lisebenzisa izinhlangano zokuphatha i-ISO 9001, ISO 14001, kanye no-ISO 45001, okukhomba ukuthi kuyatholakala ukulawula ngokuphelele kwalokho okuhlanganisa ukuzilonga kuze kube yisikhathi sokwakha. Kusukela kubantu abayizinye zezindaba zokufaka amaprojekthi abazifuna ukubona ababambisayo bokwenza amaprojekthi (EPC partners), lokhu kunciphisa ingozi ngendlela engekho nokuthi ubukhono bakho bokubhala izinkampani zokubambisana (contract language) akakwazi ukwenza.