Isilayezo sokuphatha amasiko e-Gas EPC

Yini okwenza umsebenzisi we-Gas Plant EPC akhanya kumaqondana wokusebenza okwenzayo

Izindawo zokuphatha amasiko nezokufaka emuva kwe-LNG zisebenza ngamathuba awusizo okuhambisana nezindawo zokusebenza zokuvula. Izinga le-metals lizoba libe yisithakazelo, i-pressure libe phakade, futhi i-temperature ye-cryogenic ibuyisa i-metallurgy ekupheleni kwalo. Umsebenzisi we-EPC osebenzayo lapha akadinga kuphela ukuphatha isimo — kudinga ukuthiwa okunzima kakhulu ngokwesibonelo okungabikho kumaqondana wokusebenza abaningi.

Ukubuka kwesikhathi sokufaka esinye isikhathi esiphambili. Isitayela sesilinda sokuqala sisebenzisa izinkambo eziningi zokusebenza: ukusulwa kwesilinda esingaphambili, ukususa izigas ezingakholwa, ukususa amanzi, ukukhupha i-NGL, nokuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe ngokwekhalini noma ukuzenzela kabanzi. Ngalokho lokho kunezinhloso zayo zokudesigna, futhi izihlukaniswa phakathi kwazo zisenza kubonakala izindlela zokugxila okungabonakali ngokujwayelekile ekubeni kuyadizeyina. Abakhi abanembono yezitayela zesilinda bazi lapho kufanele bakabone lezinhloso kuqala. Abanye abangenaso bafunda kulezi zinhloso ngokwakhiwa kwesitayela — lento engekhulu ukuba ibonakale ngalesikhathi.

Isifundo sezibalo zokuthengiselwa nezokudala kwezilinda nezisilinda emhlabeni wonke sithathwa ngokulingana ngo-$479 bilioni ngo-2025, futhi kubhekwa ukuthi kuzofika ngokulingana ngo-$604 bilioni ngo-2030 ngokuphakama kwesilinganiso sokuphakama kwesinye isikhathi sokuphakama kwesinye (CAGR) yokuphakama kwesinye isikhathi sokuphakama kwesinye ngokulingana ngo-4.76%. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sibalwa esikhulu, umsebenzi wokuthengiselwa nezokudala okuhlanganisa isilinda uyasebenza ngokuphakama, okwenzelwe ukuphakama kwesikhundla sokuthengiselwa kwe-LNG nokuthanda kwezindlu zokusebenza ezinhliziyo. Kodwa ubukhulu bewesifundo awuzange kube nomthetho wezinhloso zokuthengiselwa nezokudala. Umphumela owodwa uye kubizwa ngokwesikhundla sokuthengiselwa nezokudala.

Izindleko Zangempela Zokukhetha Umngane Ongalungile

Ukubambezeleka kwephrojekthi yesitshalo segesi akugcini nje ngokuhlehlisa usuku lokuqalisa ukusebenza kuyalimaza lapho izinkontileka zegesi yokuthutha zinamanani entengo aphansi, futhi kuyacindezela ubuhlobo nabathengi abaxhomeke kulolo voloti. Ukuchayeka kwezimali kunamandla.

Idatha yomkhakha ibonisa ukuthi ukushoda kwemishini nezindleko ezikhulayo zezinto ezibonakalayo nezokusebenza kuye kwenyusa izindleko zokwakha izitshalo ezintsha ze-LNG ngo-25% kuya ku-30% eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Amaholo kuphela akhuphuke cishe ngo-20% kuleso sikhathi esifanayo. Lezi akuzona izinombolo ezingaqondakali; zibonakala ngokuqondile ekunikezelweni komsebenzi we-EPC futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, ekhonweni labo lokugcina umugqa wezindleko kulo lonke ukuqaliswa.

Qaphela ukuthi kuzaleni kumsebenzi wokugcina amanzi we-LNG esikhaleni seGulf eMhlabeni weNingizimu yaseMelika okukhala ngeminyaka eminingi. Umsebenzisi wesibini wabulawa umsebenzi xa umsebenzi waba nge-75% okwenzeka, kubalekisa abasemthethweni ukuthi bafuna umsebenzisi wesibini futhi kubuyisela isikhathi sokuvula ngaphezu kweyeshi. Ivali yomsebenzi yayisikhombisa ama-$5.8 billion. Lokhu nguvali ovamile ekubaleni abasemthethweni.

Umsebenzisi wesibini we-EPC weplanti yamanzi we-gas uyakwakha indlela yokuphatha izinto zokunqula kusikhathi sesibonelo, akayi njengokuthi kufanele kwenziwe emva kwesibonelo. Uyakhula izinkokhelo nezinkampani eziningi zokwenza izinto ukuze ukungatholakali kwenye inkampani ayikwazi ukwenza ukuthi umsebenzi wonke uphume. Futhi uyakwakha izinkampani zokuthenga ukuthi zihlanganise ukuthenga kwezinye izinto ezidingekayo ngokushesha, ukuze isikhathi esiphambili sengathi kungavuliwa ngokuthi ikomphresha yodwa iyadlala ngokushesha.

Izindlela Zokusebenza Ezithola Abaprofesiwonalu Kusuka Kwabanye

Izindawo zokuphakamisa igasi zihlalwe ngazo zizinto zokuziphatha ngokuzunqula kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela ukhanya. Umsebenzisi owengenakwazi ukuthi ukukhetha izinkampani zokuziphatha ngokuzunqula kungakanani, isibonelo, akakwazi ukuvumela indawo eyakhiwe yena eyakhiwe ngokwesibonelo sokufaka igasi.

Izindlela zokusebenza ze-API zinika ulwimi olungaphansi lapho. I-API 618 ibhekisele ku-izinkampani ezikhetha igasi ngokuzunqula, futhi i-API 619 ibhekisele ku-izinkampani ezikhetha igasi ngokuzunqula ngokugcina — labo ababili bakhululekile kakhulu kumasevisi okukhetha igasi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakamisa igasi. Umsebenzisi we-EPC ongakwazi ukuthi ubheke phambili kule ndawo ayikwazi ukuthi akhetha ngokwesindlela yokuqonda ukuthi kungakanani ukuthi kubhekiswe kusendleleni yokusebenza; akwazi ukuthi uqonde ukuthi kungakanani ukuthi kubhekiswe kusendleleni yokusebenza. Izinkampani ezikhetha igasi ngokuzunqula zingasemthwakweni wokuphakama kanye nokufanele kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa ziyathola ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuhlanzela okungafanele kwezinkampani ezikhetha igasi ngokuzunqula. Ukukhetha okuhle kubhekiswe kusendleleni yokusebenza kanye nokuthandaza kwesikhathi sokuhlanzela.

Ngaphandle kwama-compressor, ama-cryogenic heat exchanger asebenza nge-LNG adinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela. Lezi akuzona izinto ezisetshenziswa njalo. Zidinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza, futhi ukwenziwa kwensimbi kumelwe kuhambisane nokwakheka kwegesi ethile ukuze kugwenywe ukuwohloka noma ukugqwala phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo.

Usonkontileka ohlinzeke ngezitshalo eziningi zegesi uyoba nobudlelwano nabakhiqizi abaqeqeshiwe abaphethe izitifiketi ezidingekayo ze-ASME. Bayokuqonda ngokucacile nokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa okudingeka kwenzeke esitolo, hhayi nje lapho kuthathwa izinto. Ukuthola iphutha le-weld egcekeni lomkhiqizi kusindisa izinyanga uma kuqhathaniswa nokulithola ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa komsebenzi.

Ukuqaliswa Kwephrojekthi: Iqiniso Lendawo

Lapho nje umsebenzi wokwakha usuqalile, umbono nomkhuba kuhluke kakhulu. Isitshalo esakhiwe kahle ephepheni singaba into embi uma umqashi we-EPC engenalo uhlelo oluqinile lokwakha.

Izilwanyana esodlulayo esinye sezinkampani zokusebenza kwe-gas eSontshelwa e-Asia sasifaka ngalesi phroblemi. I-engineering package yasendaweni — yadalekwa ngu-consultant eyayithemba, enenekho ukuzijabula kwe-gas plant. Kodwa i-EPC contractor yayisindisa i-construction team eyakawona wasebenza kwe-cryogenic service. Ayalibonisi ukuthi kuyazingakanani ukubeka izinhlobo zezimbali zokuphatha ziyaphakathi kwe-moisture ngenkathi zihlanganiswa, futhi ayathandabuzi izincazelo zokuphuma nokususa amanzi ngokuphelele. Iphindwe? Izicezu zokukhanya zazakhipha ezinye izikhundla zezinhlobo zokuphatha kwe-main heat exchanger ngenkathi zihlala zikhanya. I-team yayikhipha neyashintsha izinhlobo ezihlukene, okukhetha izinsuku ezibili zokufaka isikhathi futhi yokunquma isibhakabhaka ngaphezu kwesikhathi sokuphakama ngeminyaka eyi-12%.

Lokho kungagwemeka. Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe ze-EPC zeziteshi zegesi ziphatha isigaba sokwakha ngendlela efanayo nezisebenza ngayo emkhakheni wezobunjiniyela. Banamaqembu akhethekile okuthuma izisebenzi, angenela phakathi nezigaba zokugcina zokwakha, hhayi ngemva kokuba sekuqediwe ukwakhiwa. Benza ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokufakwa komshini ngokuhambisana nokufakwa ukuze izinkinga zibonwe ngenkathi kusenesikhathi sokuzilungisa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indlela ebucayi.

Umehluko phakathi komakhi "oseke wenza izitshalo zegesi ngaphambili" nalowo oye wafunda ngempela kulokho okuye kwafundwa yilezo zakhiwo ubonakala ensimini. Esokuqala kungenzeka sinaso isitifiketi esifanele esodongeni. Lesi sakamuva sinezibazi zempi nohlu lokuhlola ukuze sifakazele ukuthi siyazi ukuthi yini empeleni engalungile.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Esifanele Lapho Khethwa Usonkontileka

Ukukhetha umsebenzisi wokuphatha isikhundla sokusebenza kwemithombo yegasi ayikho kuphela ukubhekana izibhalo zokuthenga. Ithekhini encane kakhulu inika umbiko ophezulu kakhulu, ikakhulu ekhaya lapho abasebenzisi abaqinileyo bafana ngokufanaka.

Ukuvavanya kufanele kufaka amasite ayisikhombisa kwezindlela ezisemva kwezindlela zokugcina. Khuluma nabasebenzi be-operations, akukho baprojekthi kuphela. Ubuzo ngamazinyo okuphatha okwesikhathi sokuguqula esizodlula futhi ukuthi ubukhona bakhuluma njani nabo. Lezi zindaba ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhona bakhiyana njani kulokho okubhekwa kwezindaba zokuphatha kunezindaba zokuphatha.

Ukukhetha umsebenzisi we-EPC kumaprojekthi we-LNG kusobala ukuthi kubhekwe indlela yokusebenza emizini eyafana, izindlela zokufunda, ukuplaniswa kwemisebenzi, ukuphatha isigaba sendawo, inani lokubhisha, nokuplaniswa kwesikhathi. Ukuzijabula kwezindawo ezisemthwakweni nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuphatha kumaprojekthi we-LNG ziyisiphelo sokukhetha, ikakhulu emazwe apho ukuthengisa nokuphatha kwezinyathelo zokusebenza kuyaphakanyiswa. Umsebenzisi ophumelela ngokujabula kulezi zimo abane ubunzima bezindlela zokusebenza okungakwaziwa ngokuphakanyiswa kokuphakanyisa kwezinye izinyathelo.

Isiphetho Sokugcina Kukhetho Kwamasebenzisi we-EPC Wezindawo Zokuphatha Isigashe

Izindawo zokuphatha isigashe ziyinkimbinkimbi, zinomthwakelo ophezulu, futhi azikwazi ukuvikela ukwenza izinkinga. Umsebenzisi we-EPC uyisikhundla esibhekene nalesi nkimbinkimbi, uqondisa ukufunda, ukuthenga, nokubuyisa kuqondisana. Ukukhetha okufanele kuyisiphetho phakathi kweprojekthi ephumelela ngosikhathi nangokwesilinganiso nesiprojekthi esiyakwenzela ukuthi sibhekele kulesi sikhathi esingasendaweni sokwenza.

Abakholiwe abanembono emphakathini yegazi elide bafaka kusuka kubonakalisa ubuningi kwezindlela zokusebenza. Bafaka izinkampani zokuthengisa eziqinisekile, izigaba sezokwakha ezisemthethweni, nokuziqonda okuphelele ukuthi izinkinga ziphi ngempela. Babazi futhi lapho kufanele bakhuluma ngokungabi nesikhundla kumsebenzi wokuthenga okubonakala kahle kuzinhlobo kodwa kwenza izinkinga zokusebenza emuva.

Umthwakuli uyakwanda kuhlela kuhlela njengoba ukukhula kwesikhundla seLNG kuyakhula futhi izindawo zokuprosesa egazi ezidala ziyadinga ukuguqula. Abathengi abazimele ukubona abakholiwe ngokujabulisayo — bahlukanisa izipropozeli ezibomvu futhi bahlukanisa isibonelo sokusebenza — bayoba bafuna ukuthi balethe kahle emoyeni. Abasinye bayoba bahlukumeza ukuthi umthengi ongenani uyakwenzela.

Kwizikhombisa iziprojekthi zemisipha yegasi, lapho ukuphatha kakhulu nokubona ukuthi kuzosakheni ngokuphelele, i-Greenfir inikeza ukudala kwamakhadi, ukugxilwa kwesixwebhu sokuthengisa, nokuthumela iziprojekthi okufokuswe kubukhali — ngezinhloso eziyisikumi nezintathu ezinye zezindawo zokuchitha nezokulika egasi lenyoni, ezithunyelwe kumazwe amaningi.