Ukuthuthukisa kwe-Oxygen kubhlasti farnise

Isibonelo se-Oxygen kusukuma lwesithili esizayo

Ukwenza izinkabi kubhlasti farnise akasenzi kahle eminyakeni eyingu-100. I-koke, amaphutha e-iron, ne-flux ayafika kuvelo lomphakathi; izinkabi ezihlukene ne-slag ziyavula kuvelo lomzimba; isilwane esikhulu sifika ngamatuyere. Kodwa izinto ezingaphakathi zisenzeka kahle, futhi ukufaka kwe-oxygen kukhona kwezintloko eziphambili zezinkampani zeminyaka eyingu-50.

Ukufaka oksijini kusuka kwisifuba sokukhanya—ukuphakamisa isilinganiso sekholi yoksijini yomoya wokukhanya kusuka ku-21% ukuya ku-25% nangaphezulu—kubuyisela ubuhle bokuthembeka nobuchule bokukhanya. Umphumela wokuqala uyisilinganiso esiphakeme sokukhanya kwezilwanyana, okuzokhulisa amaphuzu okugcina okuvumela ukuguqula izinkolo zokuhlaza emafumbini ekhaya kwezinkolo zokuhlaza. Amaphuzu amabili ayincane akhona kungakhathalelwa: ukuphakama kwesivinini, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwekholi, nokunciphisa ukuthiwa kwe-CO₂ ngalithoni yemithoni yomhlaba oyagcina.

Indlela Yokuguqula Ukuthembeka Kwesifuba Sokukhanya

Umbhalo wokubala uyisodwa kodwa imiphumela iyinkimbinkimbi. Umoya unazo izinkolo ezingu-79% zezinkolo zokunqoba, okuzohamba ngaphansi kwe-sifuba sokukhanya ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa amaphuzu. Lezi zinkolo zokunqoba zihlambulula umoya—umoya owenziwe ngokuthiwa kwezinkolo zokuhlaza. Uma i-oksijini ibuyisela izinkolo zokunqoba kusuka kwisifuba sokukhanya, kunciphisa umoya owenziwe ngokuthiwa kwezinkolo zokunqoba. Isilinganiso sokukhanya siphakama, futhi isifuba sokukhanya singasebenzisa izinkolo eziningi ngokusetshenziswa kwesikholi sokufana.

Ngokuzingela kwe-1% kokukhanya kwe-oxygen, isikhathi sokuphuma kwesitha siza ngokugcina ngokugcina ngama-50°C. Ngokuzingela kwe-25% kwe-oxygen, isikhathi sokuphuma kwesitha sifika emuva kwe-2200°C, ngakho-ke ngokulingana nge-2000°C ngokuzingela kwe-21%. Lokhu okhulu kakhulu kokuphuma kwesitha kusiza ekuthinteni izinto eziningi: ukuthenga kwe-coal ephindwe phakathi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-coke, nokuvutha kwezindlela zokuproducwa.

Ukubhekana kuyisibonelo sokuthi ukuzingela kwe-oxygen kufaka futhi ukuthinta kwe-furnace kwezinkinga. I-furnace efuna ngokuzingela kwe-25% kwe-oxygen inamandla angaphezu kwe-21%. Abasebenzi badinga ukulawula kahle kwe-burden distribution, isikhathi sokuphuma kwesitha, nokuninga kwe-moisture ukuze bakhululeke ngokuphelele.

Amathuba Okuvutha: Lokhu okubhalwe ngamadatha

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-oksijheni kubonakala kakhulu ngokuthi kubhekiswe embonweni. Idata yendustri ye-mills yezinkampani zokupheka izinkabi zibonisa ukuthi umkhakha wokuhlanganiswa kwe-oksijheni ngalinye uye kubona ukuvutha okungu-3 ku-4% ngokuvutha kwemisebenzi, uma isikhathi sokupheka sibekhona esihle futhi ubukhulu bekho besebeyo. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-oksijheni ngu-25%, lokhu kubonisa ukuvutha okungu-12 ku-16% ngaphezulu kokusebenza nge-airs enzima.

Ukuphula kokukhula kwe-coke kuyisivumelwano esihle kakhulu. I-coke yindlela yokusebenza eyamandla kakhulu ekupheleni kwemilayitha, futhi ukuproducwa kwayo kwenza ukuthi kubhaleka i-CO₂ ngokukhulu. Ukuphula ukusebenzisa i-coke ngo-5% emilayitha engu-2 yezinkulungwane ngonyaka kuyenza ukuthi kusave kuzo izimangaliso zezimali zika-coke zezimali zezinkulungwane eziyizigidi eziyisihlanu ngonyaka futhi kuyenza ukuthi ukugcina kwe-carbon kufanele kubhekwe.

Ukwenza kwezinto ngokwempilo: I-Mill Eyonqunywa KaseNtshonalanga

Umthombo wokuphatha amathuba okuphatha amathuba kaseNtshonalanga wakwenza inkqubo yokuqinisa i-oxygen ngamaphasi ngama-18 ayisigidi. Le ndawo yayisebenzisa i-air separation unit ekhona ukuze yeproducwe i-oxygen besebeyasebenzisa kwezinye izinhlangano kodwa akabesebenzisa i-oxygen kublast furnace blast. Le proyekthi yayihlanganisa ukufaka i-oxygen injection lances kumbala we-tuyere, ukuphutha isistimu sokuphatha ukuze sibonelele ukuthi kubonakaliswe ukuthi kune-oxygen efanayo, futhi ukufundisa abasebenzi ngamaphepha okusebenza okusha.

Amaphenyo wabonakala ngokubhalwa kweqembu lokuqala. Ukuproducwa kwadlulile ngokufana ngo-11% ngenkambo yamandla okhazimula amandla okhazimula (oxygen) ku-24.5%, futhi ukulinganisa kokoke kwalahleka ngokufana ngo-7%. I-mill yafumana lezi ziquketho ngaphandle kokuthengiselwa kwezinto ezinkulu—amandla okhazimula ayathengiswa kakhulu, futhi izinguquko zemithambo yebhlasti yasendleleni yayisifane. Isikhathi sokubuyela umlando (payback period), esibhalwe ngokubhalwa kwezindlela zokuproducwa nokukhazimula amandla okhazimula ngaphansi kwezinkinga zokoke nokubuyela umlando weziquketho zokuproducwa, kwasengaphansi kwezinsithembu.

Kube nenkinga yokusebenza. Imithambo yadinga ukubheka kancane kwezindawo zokuhambisa isithelo ukuze kuvikeke ukuzihamba kwezinye izindawo—lokhu kukhona lapho amagasi ayehamba ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo, okusiza ekugcineni kwezinye izindawo futhi kungase kwenza ukuthi kubhekwe njengomkhakha. Ithimba lokusebenza yashintsha izindlela zokuhambisa isithelo ngaphandle kwezimbhobho ukuze libe lomthelela, futhi imithambo yavikeka ngaphansi kwezinsithembu zokuhlanganisa amandla okhazimula.

Izinkinga Zokunika Amadla Okhazimula Kuma-Mithambo Yebhlasti

Umkhonto wokuphakama kwe- blast furnace wahlwa ngokuvamile kusuka kwe-unit yokuhlanzela amafutha emkhambini esikhuleni noma kusuka kwe-pipeline yokuhlawula. Ukunyusa kwemkhonto kubizwa ngokukhulu kunye nezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa umkhonto—umkhonto we-90–95% uyasebenza kahle kwe-blast furnace injection, ngakho-ke izindlela zokusebenzisa umkhonto zezempilo noma zezisayensi zokufunda ziyadinga umkhonto we-99.5% noma okuningi .

Le nkulumo encane yokunyusa kwemkhonto iyavumela izindlela zokufumana umkhonto. Izisitemu zesiphelo sokugcina umkhonto (VPSA) zinakwenzela umkhonto we-90–95% ngokholo elincane lezinto ezifanele kusenziwa noma kuzilungiselela, kodwa ziyabizwa ngokukhulu ngokukhulu kokukhula. Kuma-mill angaphezulu, izisitemu zokuhlaziywa kwe-cryogenic ziyasemthethweni, zinakwenzela umkhonto we-99.5% noma okuningi, nokuthola ukuthola i-nitrogen noma i-argon.

Isisitemu sokuhambisa oksisini kufanele isebenzise indlela eyodwa yokubhekisisa. Okusiyakho kufanele kuhambiswe ngokupheleleyo ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi kubhekise isibhakabhaka sezindawo zokubhakha, okuyizinkampani ezingu-3 ku-5 bar. Amaphathi okuhambisa kufanele abhekiswe ukuthi aqinisekise ukuthi azokwazi ukuzithabathisa izintemperatura ephakeme kwezindawo zokubhakha—ezingu-2,000°C—futhi ukuthi umsindo wokuhambisa oksisini kufanele kubhekiswe ngokucophelela ukuthi kubhekise isilinganiso esifunekayo sokufaka oksisini.

Amasiko okusebenzisa oksisini

Ukufaka oksisini kubringa amasiko okusebenzisa oksisini okufanele akhathaleke. Okusiyakho kusiza ukuvutha kakhulu kunamagama, futhi ukuthi kungabi noluncanda noma ukuthi kubhekiswe ngokungafanele nezinto zokuvutha kungabangela isibhakabhaka sokuvutha. Iziphindlelo zokuhambisa oksisini kufanele zibhekiswe ngokwamasiko okusebenzisa oksisini, nokuthi kubhekiswe ngokucophelela ukuthi zibe yizinto ezihlakanipha kanye nezinto zokwakha ezifanele.

Imithambo yasezinsizakwano yezindustria ibonakalisa lezi zinkinga ngqo. I-CGA G-4.1 yaseCompressed Gas Association iyabonisa umlando omkhulu ngokuhlola isistimu yamandla amanzi nokubhala isistimu. I-ASME B31.3 ibonisa izimfuneko zokugcina izimbili zomandla amanzi, futhi kufaka ukukhetha izinto ezisemthwakathini nezindlela zokugcina izimbili.

Amasithili okusebenzisa ukuphakanyiswa komandla amanzi kufanele abheke kuzo ngokujulile izinkinga ngaphambi kokususa, kufaka izinkinga zokuphuma kwamandla amanzi, izindlela zokuvula ngokushesha isistimu ngemvume yokuvula, nokufundisa abasebenzi. Lezi zinkinga zinakwenzeka ukubhekwa ngokujulile ngezindlela zokubhala isistimu nezindlela zokusebenza.

Kuphi ukuphakanyiswa komandla amanzi kuyasebenza—kanye nokuphi akasebenzi

Ukuphakanyiswa komandla amanzi akasebenzi kuwo wonke. Ukubhalwa kwezimali kuyiphakade kuhlukeni lwamandla amanzi, i-coke, nokuvalelwa kwemisebenzi eyengeziwe. Amasithili okunika amandla amanzi ngaphandle kwezindawo—ikakhulu labo abanemikhumbu yokuvela amandla amanzi eyingenile—baya kubona ngokujulile. Amasithili ongenayo umkhumbu wamandla amanzi uyakubona ukuthi kufanele uthathe isibonelo sokubhala isistimu yamandla amanzi (ASU) noma isistimu yomandla amanzi yokuqondisa (VPSA), noma uqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenza ngamandla amanzi angaphansi kwezindawo zokusebenza.

Kunezinye izindlela zokusebenza zempilo zokuphepha ezithile. Amaphurnisi okuphepha okuphakeme kuzo kungabikho umkhawulo wokuphakama kwe-oxygen—umkhawulo uphuma kubaprocesi bezansi njengezimpilo zokuphepha kwe-oxygen noma ukuphepha kwezindawo zokugcina ngokuphakeme. Kulezi zikhathi, ukuphepha kwe-oxygen kungabikho umphumela wokuphakama kwemisebenzi owatholakala.

Kuma-phurnisi ongenakho ukuthola amakholi noma amakholi aphakeme kakhulu, izindlela zokusebenza ziyinkampani ezingcono. Ngisho noma yisigaba esinye sokholi esihlukile, sisigaba esingasifuna ukuthengiselwa, ukuthunyelwa noma ukufaka kumphurnisi.

GreenFir uyathumela izinkampani zokuphepha kwe-air separation zokuphepha kweziliva, nezindlela zokusebenza zezinkampani zokuphepha kweziliva eziqondile kwe-Asia.