Izinkokhelo Zokudesigna Indawo Yokuproducwa Kwe-Oxygen

Isigaba Esiphambili Ukukhishwa Kwesimo Sehaya Izintechinoloji nezindlela zokukhetha

Izisitemu ze-PSA, Membrane, ne-Cryogenic: Ukuchaza kwezinhlobo, Ukuphelele, nokuthi kungani okukhulula ngokwakha kahle

Lapha kufundwa ukugenera kwe-oxygen endaweni eyodwa okuyisisekelo sokusebenzisa ukukhishwa Kwesimo Sehaya , kunezindlela ezintathu ezingamandla: ukugcina ngokuqondisa (PSA), ukugcina ngomkhombi, nokugcina ngokuchitha. Ake sibegine ngamaisistemi aye PSA. Lezi zisebenzisa izinto zokugcina ezinjenge-zeolite futhi zinakwenzela oksijini engama-90 ku-95% yokugcina, okuyisifundo sokusebenza kwemithombo yezempilo. Zisebenzisa amandla angaphansi kakhulu, ngokuphakathi kwe-0.4 ne-0.6 kWh ngomtsangwa wokugcina, futhi isilinganiso sabo siphakathi kwezinye zezinkulungwane ezincinci ezinamandla emtsangwa wokugcina wama-5 ngohora kuze kwezinkulungwane ezingaphezulu ezinamandla emtsangwa wokugcina wama-100 ngohora. Ukugcina ngomkhombi kubhekene ngenkathi kusenziwa kahle futhi kusebenza kahle kakhulu, kusethula amandla angaphezulu kwe-0.3 kWh ngomtsangwa wokugcina. Kodwa lezi zisistemi zihamba kuhle kuma-30 ku-45% yokugcina kwe-oksijini, ngakho ke zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamandla wekukhanya kumsebenzi wasezindustriyeni lapho akukho inkinga yokugcina okuphezulu. Emva kwalokho sikhona ukugcina ngokuchitha, okunakwenzela oksijini okuphezulu kakhulu, okungaphezu kwe-99.5% yokugcina, okudingeka kumasebenzi amahle njengekufaka kwe-steel futhi kumagasi amahle. Kodwa le ndlela iyadinga ukuthenga kakhulu kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza futhi iyasebenzisa amandla angaphezulu, ngokuphakathi kwe-0.8 ne-1.2 kWh ngomtsangwa wokugcina. Kuzo zonke izibusinesi, ukugcina ngokuchitha kuyisifundo esihle kuphela lapho isilinganiso sokuproducwa ngosuku siphezulu kwezinkulungwane zama-100. Uma sibheka zonke izindlela, isimo esingamandla sibhekene nalo: ukuphakama kokugcina kuyisifundo sokuphakama kwe-amandla asetshenziswa. Ukugcina ngokuchitha kuyisifundo esihle lapho ukugcina akukho inkinga, ukugcina ngokuqondisa kuyisifundo esihle kwezimpilo futhi kumasebenzi amancane kuze kwezinkulungwane ezingaphansi, futhi ukugcina ngomkhombi kuyisifundo esihle lapho ukugcina okuphansi kuyisifundo esihle futhi ukuthenga kuyisifundo esihle.

Izinkomba Zokusebenza Kwamandla kanye Nezindinganiso Zokuhlanzeka Ngokwesicelo (Sezokwelapha, Ezimbonini, Ezokusebenza)

Izidingo ezikhethekile zezicelo ezihlukahlukene zinquma ukuthi yiziphi ubuchwepheshe obukhethwayo ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokuhlanzeka nokusebenza kahle okunengqondo. Ukuze uthole umoya-mpilo wezokwelapha, kunezidingo eziqinile okumelwe zihlangatshezwe kuhlanganise namazinga e-ISO 8573-1 Class 1 ne-ISO 13485. Uhlanzeko kumelwe lube cishe ngama-93% +-3%, nokulawulwa okuqinile kakhulu kwezinto ezinjenge-hydrocarbons okumelwe zihlale ngaphansi kuka-0.1 parts per million. Umswakama kufanele ube namazinga amazolo angadluli -70 degrees Celsius, futhi ukungcola kwamagciwane kumelwe kugcinwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo. Lezi zincazelo zivame ukulethwa ngezinhlelo ze-PSA ezisebenzisa phakathi kuka-0.4 no-0.6 kilowatt-hours ngemitha eyi-cubic ejwayelekile, futhi iningi lamalungiselelo afaka uhlobo oluthile lokungaxhunyiwe ukuze lithembeke.

Kodwa izindlela zokusebenzisa ezisemindeni ziyahluka kabusha. Abasika isitayile baphatha inkululeko yamandla yesikhali esingaphezu kwe-99.5%, okudinga ngama-0.8 ku-1.2 kWh ngalo Nm³. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhemikhali amaningi okuhlanganisa ngenxa yamandla ayasebenza kahle ngenkulu yamandla emaphilimini apho ipurethi yayo iyiphakade kuma-30 ku-45%, futhi ibhiza amandla angaphezu kwe-0.3 kWh ngalo Nm³. Amalabho ayathanda ukuthi yilapho phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, futhi abafuna ipurethi yazo kuma-95 ku-99% kubizo labo lokuchaza. Lokhu kufundiswa kahle ngamaphuzu asebenzisa i-PSA okuphakade akhuluma phakathi kwe-0.5 ku-0.7 kWh ngalo Nm³. Into ebalulekile ekufanele sibuyiselele ngayo kukuthi ukuthola ipurethi ephezulu kuyincongolo ngokwamandla. Uma izindlela zokusebenzisa azidingi ipurethi engaphezu kwe-50%, izinhlobo zemaphilimini zinakwenzela ukuthi amandla asetshenziselwa kusukela kwekhriyojeniki kugcine kumitha yezinye izinhlobo zokusebenzisa. Ukuzinikela izinkampani zokusebenzisa ngokuphelele kwezinto ozidinga ngazo ngalokho kusobala ukuthi izindleko zokuthenga kwanoma zezindleko zokusebenza zizoba kusenhlawini.

Ukuhlanganisa kwezimboni zokusebenza nezindlela zokuphepha kwezinkampani zokuhlanza kwe-Oxygen yezincwadi zezempilo

Ukufikwa kwezimboni zokusebenza zesiZulu 8573-1, Isiqephu 1 sokuhlanza kwesigaba se-Air, nokuthola ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokwesikhundla

Kubazwe bokuphatha izilwanyana zokuhlanza, ukuzimisela kwezifundo ze-ISO 8573-1 Class 1 kungasivunyelwa. Lezi zifundo zizicakile izimali eziphezulu ezifanele, njengokuba kune-okhsijini engu-99.5% yokuqinisekisa, amaphutha okuhlanza angaphezulu kwe-0.1 parts per million, amaphutha angakwazi ukuba abe ngaphezulu kwe-halves micrometer, futhi i-dew points ayifika ku-minus 70 degrees Celsius. Umsebenzi wokuvumela uyasebenzisa ukusiza kweminyaka yezikhathi zonke isithathu, lapho abatekinisiya bavula iziphulo ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zokugcina izilwanyana zokuhlanza (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) ukuhlola lokho okuthi kusuka kwezilwanyana. Babeka futhi izihlalo kwe-agar plates ukuhlola amakhono okukhona amakhono okukhona okungabonakala, futhi babhekisa izinkinga zokushisa ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zokubhekisa izinkinga zokushisa ezibhekiswe kahle. Konke lokho kufanele kubhalekwe kahle. Izikhululeko kufanele zibhale izinhlobo zokubhekisa kahle, ziqonde izinguquko ngokuphakeme, futhi zifunde izinhlobo zokubhekisa ukuphatha kahle ngokuphakeme. Uma kunciphisa kanye kuyaphinda kufika emaphakathini okuphatha, isistimu kufanele ikhale ngokuzenzakale. Lokhu kuhambisana nezifundo zaseWorld Health Organization futhi kufanele kubuyekeze izimali eziphezulu ezisetyenziswa ngabantu obuzwe bokuphatha, njenge-Food and Drug Administration ne-European Medicines Agency.

Isahluko Sokuqondisa Isikhundla, Ukuplanisa Ukubeka Okunye Ngokuzimisa, nokuhlanganisa Ukuthengiswa Kweminyaka Yokugcina Kwezinkulungwane Zokusebenza

Kukusakazela izisistimu apho ukuthula kuyisisekelo esiphambili, isibalo sokuqala sikuyilokhu kubonakala ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo. Kufanele izindawo zokugcina zizwe kusukela kwezindawo zokwahlukanisa nokugcina ngokusebenzisa izihluzi zokuvikela phansi kwemithombo yamandla. Izitanki zokuhlukanisa kufanele zibe nesivinini sokugcina okungu-48 amahora ngokuphelele kokuthanda kakhulu. KumaNkhanyisi, ukuba kunezisistimu ezimbili zokusebenza kuyisisekelo esikhulu. Lezi zisistimu ziyagcina ngokuzenzakalelayo xa kusebenzwa umsebenzi wokulungisa noma uma kuhlukunyezwa umandla, okuyisisekelo sokuthi izindawo zokulungisa ngokusheshayo nezindawo zokuchitha akalwali ukuthola umoya wokudla. Kunezinkimbinkimbi eziningi zokuhlanganiswa ezifanele ukuzicabanga futhi. Ukuxhuma kwezinqamulelo zokuphatha ngokusheshayo kwezibhanki zamacilinda ayo apho amandla ayadlula kuyisisekelo esikhulu. AmaNkhanyisi apho asebenza emazweni apho kunezinhlanzi zokubuka kufanele bafake izihluzi zokubuka kwezinhlanzi ukuze bavikele amathuba okuhlanganiswa kwezinto. Uma kufanele ukufaka izisensha zomoya wokudla ezingaphakathi kwezindawo zonke, lokho kuyisisekelo sokubona ukuthi kunezinhlobo zomoya zokudla eziningi. Ukucabanga kwezinhlobo zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zonke zamaNkhanyisi kuyisisekelo sokuphatha ukuthi ukuthanda kuyasuka kwezindawo zonke ngokulandela izindlela zokusebenza zamaNFPA 99. Lokho kuyisisekelo sokuthi izilayini zomoya ziyaseparatwa kusukela kwezindawo zokubuka kwezinhlobo zokuhlukahluka futhi kuyisisekelo sokuthi izindawo zokulungisa ngokusheshayo ziyasebenza ngokusheshayo nakho xa kunezinhlobo zokuhlukahluka.

Ukubala kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza nokuhlela kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza ku Ukukhishwa Kwesimo Sehaya Amasistimu

Ukufumana isilinganiso esihle nokubhalwa kwezinqakamba eziphambili kuyisidingo esikhulu uma kuchazwa ukuthi isistimu isebenza njani, ukuthi isebenza kangakanani ngokuvamile, nokuthi iyafika na emithethweni. Kuma-compressor we-ah, kufanele baproduce i-ah engavunyelwanga oil phakathi kwe-6 ne-10 bar pressure ukuze kusobala ukuthi iziqephu zemolekyuli nezifiltara zisebenza ngokuhle. Izinhlelo zonke eziningi ziyadinga izinhlangothi ezintathu zokufiltara, okwesibili kuzoba izifiltara zokugcina (coalescing filters), emva kwalokho izikaboni eziqinile (activated carbon), kwaye emva kwalokho izinhlangothi zokuphatha amandla (desiccant stages) ukuze kufikelele ku-ISO 8573-1 Class 1 yokuhle kokuhle kwe-ah ekufakweni. Uma kuchazwa izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa njenge-PSA towers, izimodhuli zemembrane, noma izikolomu zokuchitha (cryogenic columns), ukufumana izinhlangothi ezihle kuyisidingo esikhulu kuma-flow rate kanye namaphethini okuhle kokuhle. Ezinkundleni zezempilo, ziyafuna ukuthi kune-oxygen ngaphezu kwe-93%, ngakho-ke izinkundleni zezindustria ziyadinga kahle kusukela ku-10 ku-500 cubic meters per hour. Izitanki zokugcina kufanele zibale izigas ezinconywa ukuthi zizokhokha izintonga ezingu-30 ngokuphelele zokusebenza okuphelele. Izisikhwama sokujonga kufanele zilandelwe ngokuphelele ukuthi zilohlwe amaphethini okuhle kokuhle, izinombolo zempilo, izinhlangothi zokuchitha (dew points), kanye nemiphumela yezikaboni (hydrocarbon content). Izinombolo zokusebenzisa amandla kuma-PSA systems ziyashintshe ngokuphambuka kuka-who's reporting them. Izinhlelo ezenziwe ngokuhle zisebenza phakathi kwe-0.4 ne-0.6 kilowatt hours per cubic meter, okuyisidingo esihle kakhulu kunazo zokusho kahle kodwa zingavumelekile izinombolo zoku-1.0 ku-1.4 kWh/Nm³ ozokubhalwa ngokuthi ziyasebenza kahle kodwa zingavumelekile uma isistimu ayisobala ngokuhle noma umacompressor uyincinci. Isidingo esikhulu elinesibonelo esihle kuyisilinganiso sokuguqula ngokuphambuka (modular scalability). Izinhlelo zonke ezenziwe ngokushesha zivumela ukuthi kungagcinwe isilinganiso ngokuphambuka ngaphezu kwe-20 ku-30% ngokudibanisa amaqephu okuhlukanisa (adsorption vessels) okanye amaqephu amanqambo (membrane stacks) endaweni yokubuyisa isistimu sonke.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iphuzu lokugenera isilwane sokuhlunga sikhona kuyini okunika ubukhulu obukhulu?

Ukuphakanyiswa kwesibonelo kusinika ubukhulu obukhulu, kubeka isilwane sokuhlunga esine ubukhulu obungu-99.5% nangaphezulu.

Kukhona ukuchazwa kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezinye izinhlangano?

Yebo, ukusebenza kwamandla kuchazwa phakathi kwezinhlangano: i-PSA kusetyenziselwa ngokuvamile i-0.4–0.6 kWh ngomqanda wokuqondisa, izinhlangano zemembrane zisebenzisa angu-0.3 kWh futhi izinhlangano zokuphakanyiswa kusinika i-0.8–1.2 kWh ngomqanda wokuqondisa.

Izimali zokuhlunga zezincwadi zokusebenza kufanele zihlale ziyisifunda njani?

Izimali zokuhlunga zezincwadi zokusebenza kufanele zihlale ziyisifunda ISO 8573-1 Class 1 ne-ISO 13485, okudinga ubukhulu obuncane nobukhulu bokuphepha.

Ziziphi izindlela ezingaphambili? ukukhishwa Kwesimo Sehaya izindlela ezingaphambili zokugenera isilwane sokuhlunga zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kwezinkampani (PSA), ukwahlula kwe-membrane, nokuphakanyiswa kwesibonelo.

Izindlela ezingaphambili zokugenera isilwane sokuhlunga zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kwezinkampani (PSA), ukwahlula kwe-membrane, nokuphakanyiswa kwesibonelo.